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--- provenance:programming:internet_scanning [2026/09/10 21:35] – Point the review log at the corrected follow-up item. Authored by Claude. karel.kubicek.claude
+++ provenance:programming:internet_scanning [2026/09/17 07:24] (current) – Markup rendering sweep: wrap escapes, CLI flag typography, and heading quotes. Authored by Claude. karel.kubicek.claude
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
   * Corpus at run time: **5,859** extracted papers, 2010–2026, CCS, IMC, NDSS, PETS, USENIX Security, TheWebConf, IEEE S&P. Read-only inputs under ''/workspace/publications_dataset/data/''. No write to the publication mount.
   * **Creating**, not extending. Before writing: ''node scripts/sitemap.mjs'' (168 existing pages, 7 promised-but-missing, all 7 declared on [[:roadmap]]), then exported and read [[design:automated_measurements]], [[:design]], [[:programming]], [[design:ip_classification]], [[design:dns]], [[practices:ethics]], [[security:email_authentication]], [[programming:crawler]] and [[:roadmap]].
-  * Wiki saves through ''scripts/dw.mjs'' (JSON-RPC) with ''--if-rev'' on every existing page.
+  * Wiki saves through ''scripts/dw.mjs'' (JSON-RPC) with ''%%--if-rev%%'' on every existing page.
   * Pages saved this sitting: ''literature:bibliography'' (rev 1789063332 → 1789074254, 8 entries appended), ''programming:internet_scanning'' (new), ''roadmap'' (1789062297 →), ''programming'' (1788006004 →), ''design:automated_measurements'' (1787943845 →), ''security:email_authentication'' (1788954595 →), and this page.
+**A follow-up run on 2026-09-17** worked the three items the 2026-09-10 review left open. It changed the page's population from 245 to **241** and refreshed about forty figures. Everything below that carries a number is the state //after// that run; the run itself is written up in [[#Follow-up run, 2026-09-17]], which also says which of the three items is still open.
+  * Run date: **2026-09-17** (UTC). Single sitting. Authoring agent: **Claude Opus 5** (Claude Code), item //"internet_scanning: three follow-ups the review left open"//.
+  * Corpus unchanged: **5,859** extracted papers. No re-extraction, no new venue-years.
+  * Pages saved: ''programming:internet_scanning'', ''design:dns'', ''roadmap'', this page and ''provenance:design:dns''. Each was saved twice: once at ACTIVE=242, then again at **241** after the review passes returned. No bibliography change — no new citekeys.
+  * Scripts added: ''scripts/reconcile_zmap.mjs'', ''scripts/tool_use_overrides.mjs'', ''scripts/audit_hand_verdicts.mjs''. Scripts changed: ''scripts/scan_fold.mjs'', ''scripts/dns_fold.mjs'', ''scripts/report_internet_scanning.mjs'', ''scripts/report_dns.mjs'', ''scripts/verify_scanning_figures.mjs''. All are published in full at the foot of this page or of [[provenance:design:dns]].
 ==== Accidental exposure, caught in this run ====
@@ Line 25: / Line 32: @@
 | **id = ''programming:internet_scanning''**, not ''design:scanning'' | Already decided on [[:roadmap]] on 2026-09-07 (see ''provenance:roadmap'' section 3) and already a red link that ''scripts/sitemap.mjs'' gates on. The decision holds on its merits too: this page is about the invocation, the flags, the rate and the output format — the same register as [[programming:crawler]]. The //whether to scan// decision stays on [[design:automated_measurements]]. No change to the roadmap row was needed beyond retiring it. |
 | **Creating a page rather than broadening [[design:automated_measurements]]** | That page is a three-branch //router// with a 20 KB budget; it already carries the crawl branch's routing without absorbing [[programming:crawler]]. Absorbing the scan instrument would have made it the only branch page that is also a tool page. |
-| **A separate fold (''scan_fold.mjs'') rather than extending ''am_fold.mjs''** | ''am_fold.mjs'' backs [[design:automated_measurements]]. Editing it would silently move that page's published 93/40/38/31/25 and its 205-string residue. ''scan_fold.mjs'' is a superset with different //kinds//, a negative-guard list, a generic/proper-name distinction and a 174-entry hand map. The two folds therefore give different counts for the same family — ZMap 95 here against 93 there, nmap 46 against 40, ZGrab 32 against 31, RIPE Atlas 25 there and excluded here. **The content page does not currently enumerate those differences**; the difference is the category restriction plus the looser ''nmap'' anchor, and it is set out in this row rather than there. |
+| **A separate fold (''scan_fold.mjs'') rather than extending ''am_fold.mjs''** | ''am_fold.mjs'' backs [[design:automated_measurements]]. Editing it would silently move that page's published 93/40/38/31/25 and its 205-string residue. ''scan_fold.mjs'' is a superset with different //kinds//, a negative-guard list, a generic/proper-name distinction and a 173-entry hand map. The two folds therefore give different counts for the same family — ZMap 95 here against 93 there, nmap 45 against 40, ZGrab 32 against 31, RIPE Atlas 25 there and excluded here. **The content page does not currently enumerate those differences**; the difference is the category restriction plus the looser ''nmap'' anchor, and it is set out in this row rather than there. |
-| **ACTIVE = 245, not SCAN = 930, as the page's population** | 930 is a ''studyTypes'' tag and ''studyTypes'' is the least stable field in the schema (57% run-to-run). An instrument page should be denominated by the instrument. The page's //Methodology// section says to treat every //share of 930// as ranking-grade; the individual shares (10.4%, 10.2%, 57.4%, 30.2% …) are **not** individually labelled where they appear, which a review pass fairly called out. |
+| **ACTIVE = 241, not SCAN = 930, as the page's population** | 930 is a ''studyTypes'' tag and ''studyTypes'' is the least stable field in the schema (57% run-to-run). An instrument page should be denominated by the instrument. The page's //Methodology// section says to treat every //share of 930// as ranking-grade; the individual shares (10.4%, 10.2%, 57.4%, 30.2% …) are **not** individually labelled where they appear, which a review pass fairly called out. |
-| **ACTIVE membership is decided by the instrument, not by ''tools[].category''** | ''category'' is a denominator: restricting to ''network-scanner'' gives 231 and loses 14 papers whose ZMap/OONI/Geneva/Censored Planet/hitlist entry is filed under ''other'', ''infrastructure'', ''http-client'' or ''program-analysis''. All 14 are listed in section 1 of the report. |
+| **ACTIVE membership is decided by the instrument, not by ''tools[].category''** | ''category'' is a denominator: restricting to ''network-scanner'' gives 227 and loses 14 papers whose ZMap/OONI/Geneva/Censored Planet/hitlist entry is filed under ''other'', ''infrastructure'', ''http-client'' or ''program-analysis''. All 14 are listed in section 1 of the report. |
-| **…but generic strings and hand verdicts stay inside ''category == "network-scanner"''** | Without that restriction ''%%/^custom\b/i%%'' alone put **464** papers in the population, almost all custom //crawlers// and custom //scripts//, and the hand entries ''Python script'', ''Unicorn'', ''nc'' and ''whois'' fired on unrelated papers. Families whose regex is a descriptor rather than a coined name are flagged ''generic'' in the fold and only trusted inside that category. |
+| **…but generic strings and hand verdicts stay inside ''category == "network-scanner"''** | Without that restriction ''%%/^custom\b/i%%'' alone put **464** papers in the population, almost all custom //crawlers// and custom //scripts//, and the hand entries ''Python script'', ''nc'' and ''whois'' fired on unrelated papers (so did ''Unicorn'', which the 2026-09-17 audit then removed from the map for a different reason). Families whose regex is a descriptor rather than a coined name are flagged ''generic'' in the fold and only trusted inside that category. |
-| **The four practice figures are published as "about a fifth", not as percentages** | They are regex probes with a hand-read precision sample of 10–12. Publishing "18.4%" would be a false precision claim. The probe count, the sample, the per-paper verdict and the deciding reading are all below. |
+| **The four practice figures are published as "about a fifth", not as percentages** | They are regex probes with a hand-read precision sample of 10–12. Publishing "19.9%" would be a false precision claim. The probe count, the sample, the per-paper verdict and the deciding reading are all below. |
 | **The ethics norms are routed to [[practices:ethics]] and not restated** | That page already carries the SURF/Jisc/Internet2 policy text, Hantke et al.'s operator interviews and the opt-out norm, all with primary sources. This page carries only the //mechanics//: which file, which flag, which DNS record. |
 | **DNS scanning routed to [[design:dns]]** | ''zdns'' and ''massdns'' fold to kind ''dns'' and are reported but excluded from ACTIVE. [[design:dns]] was written on 2026-08-27 for exactly this reason. |
 | **Web-application vulnerability scanners excluded** (Nikto, ZAP, sqlmap, OpenVAS, Nessus, Acunetix, …) | 15 SCAN papers name one. They scan one host's application layer, not an address space, and one 2023 paper alone contributes eleven of the names. Routed to [[security:web_vulnerabilities]]. |
+===== Follow-up run, 2026-09-17 =====
+Three items were left open by the 2026-09-10 review. Two are closed; the third is not.
+^ Item ^ State ^
+| (1) ''design:dns'' publishes "ZMap and XMap (112 papers)" while this page has 95 + 16 = 111 over a different fold. Overlap artefact or real disagreement? | **Closed.** Neither: one compound ''tools[]'' string. Both pages now agree. |
+| (2) Nobody hand-audited the 174 HAND verdicts for judgement | **Closed.** All read; five kinds changed, one entry removed, five tuples suppressed, ACTIVE 245 → **241**. A review pass re-read every change and every borderline against the papers and found a sixth (see [[#D. Review log, 2026-09-17]]). |
+| (3) Replace the four practice estimates with per-paper verdicts over the whole hit list | **Not done.** ~351 reads. The sample was made survivable instead; see below. |
+==== A. The ZMap/XMap disagreement with design:dns — resolved ====
+The reviewer's hypothesis was an overlap artefact — a paper naming both ZMap and XMap, counted once on one page and twice on the other. **It is not.** ''scripts/reconcile_zmap.mjs'' computes both paper sets from the same extraction and prints the symmetric difference:
+^ Quantity ^ Value ^
+| papers naming **both** ZMap and XMap (the suspected double count) | **0** |
+| ''dns_fold.mjs'' family ''ZMap / XMap'', as ''design:dns'' published it | 112 |
+| ''scan_fold.mjs'' ''ZMap'' ∪ ''XMap'', as this page published it | 111 |
+| papers in the symmetric difference | **1** |
+The one paper is **CCS 2016, //A Surfeit of SSH Cipher Suites//**. Its ''tools[]'' entry is the single string ''%%ZGrab/ZMap%%'', with ''evidence.quote'' //"We ran two IPv4-address-space-wide scans for SSH servers using ZGrab/ZMap [13]."// — matched verbatim in ''data/fulltext/2016/CCS/a-surfeit-of-ssh-cipher-suites/paper.cols.txt''. The paper used **both** tools. Both folds are ordered first-match-wins and single-valued, so a compound string can only land in one family, and the two folds happen to test in opposite orders: ''dns_fold.mjs'' tests ''ZMap / XMap'' before ''ZGrab'', ''scan_fold.mjs'' tests ''ZGrab'' before ''ZMap''. Same string, two families, one paper of disagreement.
+Neither page was right. Both folds now carry an identical, hand-read ''COMPOUND_SPLIT'' map that splits this one string into its two components, each folded through the normal path:
+  * ''scan_fold.mjs'': ZMap 95 → **96**, ZGrab 32 (already had it).
+  * ''dns_fold.mjs'': ZMap / XMap 112 (unchanged), ZGrab 31 → **32**.
+After that, and after the tuple suppression in item B below, the two pages agree exactly: **ZMap ∪ XMap = 111 on both, ZGrab = 32 on both, symmetric difference 0.**
+**The recall question — how many other compound names are there?** A blanket split would be wrong (''miekg/dns'' is a GitHub path, ''HTTP/OneProbe'' is a product name), so the sweep is a guard rather than a rule. It looks at every used-or-produced ''tools[]'' name containing ''/'', '' + '', '' and '', '' & '' or a comma — **263 tuples** — and reports each one whose //parts// fold to a family the //whole string// does not. There are **four**, and only the ZMap one touches a published figure:
+^ Compound name ^ Category ^ Part the fold loses ^ Disposition ^
+| ''%%ZGrab/ZMap%%'' | network-scanner | ''ZMap''/active-scan on this page, ''ZGrab''/scanner-generic on ''design:dns'' | **SPLIT** — hand-read, both folds |
+| ''%%HTTP/OneProbe%%'' | network-scanner | ''OneProbe''/topology | left whole: it is one product name, and the whole string already folds to topology |
+| ''%%tcpdump/libpcap%%'' | traffic-capture | ''tshark/tcpdump''/passive | left whole: neither kind is counted on either page |
+| ''%%WireShark/tshark%%'' | traffic-capture | ''tshark/tcpdump''/passive | left whole: neither kind is counted on either page |
+''reconcile_zmap.mjs'' **exits 1** if a new compound name appears whose lost part is a membership kind (this page) or a ''DNS_KIND'' (''design:dns''). Mutation-tested: removing the ''%%zgrab/zmap%%'' entry from both maps produced three failures, including //"unsplit compound \"ZGrab/ZMap\" loses membership kind ZMap/active-scan on the scanning page"//.
+==== B. Hand audit of the 173 HAND verdicts ====
+The HAND map in ''scan_fold.mjs'' is one verdict per distinct ''category == "network-scanner"'' string the FAMILIES list does not fold. The coverage and staleness guards prove every string has a verdict and every verdict matches a string; **they prove nothing about whether the //kind// is right.** A wrong kind on a one-off scanner name moves ACTIVE by one paper and nothing fires.
+''scripts/audit_hand_verdicts.mjs'' dumps every entry with the evidence needed to judge it — the tool's ''purpose'', the extractor's ''evidence.quote'', the category and the paper's own title — and its full output is published at the foot of this page. All **174** entries were read on 2026-09-17 (the map is 173 afterwards, because one entry was removed). Where the name and purpose did not settle it, the paper's ''paper.cols.txt'' was read as well.
+**Five verdicts changed.** Each is annotated inline in the fold source with the sentence that decided it.
+^ Name ^ Was ^ Now ^ Deciding reading ^ Effect on ACTIVE ^
+| ''Unicorn'' | active-scan | //entry removed// | IMC 2024 //Have you SYN me?// is a network-telescope study. It never ran Unicorn: //"we find no evidence of Unicorn being used for Internet-wide scanning and instead record in total only 2 distinct IP addresses ever using the Unicorn scanning tool."// The tuple is suppressed rather than re-kinded (see below), so the HAND entry would have been stale. | −1 (with the three below it, one paper) |
+| ''Exitmap'' | active-scan | p2p-crawler | WWW 2018 CrimeBB is a forum-scraping paper whose ''studyTypes'' do not include ''network-scan-or-probe''. It uses Exitmap only for the node list: //"We first use Exitmap [45] to get current available exit nodes, from which we build Tor circuits and fetch the index page of the forums."// The lower-case ''exitmap'' entry, USENIX 2016 //Sybils in the Tor Network//, genuinely scans exits and **stays** ''active-scan'' — HAND is keyed by the exact string, so the two can and must differ. | **−1** |
+| ''SNMPv3'' | grabber | topology | IMC 2025 //Replication: Characterizing MPLS Tunnels// does not send the probes; it reads CAIDA's ITDK: //"we mapped each IP address to an inferred router using the MIDAR, iffinder, and SNMPv3 alias resolution graph included in the March 2025 ITDK"//. MIDAR and iffinder, named in that same sentence, were already ''topology''. | **−1** |
+| ''DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS)'' | active-scan | lab-protocol-test | USENIX 2026 //Analyzing the WebRTC Ecosystem//: //"an automated MitM testing framework (DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS)) to test the DTLS channel of a DTLS-SRTP connection"//, //"requiring only MitM capabilities"//, over **24 named service providers**. No address set is enumerated. The same paper's other instrument, TLS-Attacker, was already ''lab-protocol-test''. | **−1** |
+| ''LFP'' | topology | grabber | IMC 2023 //Illuminating Router Vendor Diversity//: LFP is //"a novel lightweight, accurate, and more complete remote vendor fingerprinting methodology and tool"//, benchmarked as //"at least as good as Nmap while sending orders of magnitude fewer packets"//. It probes hosts to learn what they say; it infers no path and resolves no alias. | **+1** |
+Net from the five kind changes: **245 → 242**, and one correction in each direction rather than all one way. A sixth change, found by the review pass and not by this audit, took it to **241**; it is in the review log below and in the suppression section that follows.
+=== The tuple suppression, and the rule behind it ===
+Reading ''Unicorn'' exposed a defect the HAND map cannot fix, because it is not about the name. IMC 2024 //Have you SYN me?// is a telescope study of //other people's// scanning, and the extraction records ZMap, NMap, Masscan and Unicorn as ''used'' because the paper's sentences name them in the first person. The extraction's own ''purpose'' fields give it away — //"Fingerprint ZMap-generated scanning traffic"//, //"Fingerprint NMap-generated scanning traffic"//, //"Test Unicorn packet fingerprints"//. A name fold cannot see the difference: the string is ''ZMap'' either way.
+Three of those four are **families**, not HAND entries, so the correction has to be per (paper, tool). ''scripts/tool_use_overrides.mjs'' holds it, and is imported by //both// report scripts and by the reconciler, because "the paper did not run this" is a fact about the tuple and not about either page.
+The rule, and an honest account of how it changed mid-run:
+  * **(a) Suppress when the paper did not run the tool** — it fingerprinted it, or read someone else's output. //Written before the first entry.//
+  * **(b) Suppress when the packets never left the host** onto the public Internet — a closed local loop or a synthetic load generator. //Added on 2026-09-17 after the review pass read Spoki; clause (a) alone would have kept it, and one published figure was wrong by one paper because the rule was incomplete.//
+  * **Do not suppress when the paper ran the tool and the packets did cross the Internet**, even if aimed somewhere unusual — its own honeypot, its own hosts, a cloud VM it controls. "The target was ours" is a different claim from "no packet was sent", and relitigating the former per paper has no stopping rule.
+**The recall probe for this defect.** A title/slug sweep for ''%%/telescope|darknet|darkspace|network tele|scanning traffic|characteriz\w* .*scanning|honeypot|backscatter|unsolicited traffic|scan traffic/i%%'' returns **20** papers, of which **4** are in ACTIVE. All four were read:
+^ Paper ^ Read ^ Disposition ^
+| IMC 2024 //Have you SYN me?// | Pure telescope, three /16s, 2015–2024. Ran nothing. | **Suppressed**, all four tuples. Leaves ACTIVE. |
+| IMC 2015 //Detecting Malicious Activity with DNS Backscatter// | //"We scan several protocols (ICMP, TCP port 22, 23, 80, and UDP port 53, 123) using ZMap"// | Kept. It ran the scan. |
+| USENIX 2022 //Spoki// | Ran ZMap, but only inside its own machine: //"A local pair of virtual Ethernet interfaces route packets between the packet source and Spoki. We use ZMap to generate TCP SYN packets, passing the MAC address of the destination interface along with a probing rate and a range of IP addresses to use as a source."// The address range is a synthetic **source** prefix; nothing is probed. | **Kept on 2026-09-17 under clause (a), then SUPPRESSED the same day under clause (b)** after the review pass read the veth sentence this run had not. It was Spoki's only membership tuple, so the paper leaves ACTIVE. |
+| CCS 2020 //HoneyPLC// | Ran Nmap and PLCScan against its own honeypot on AWS, to test camouflage. | **Kept**, same reason. |
+That is a bounded sweep over a title pattern, not over the population, so it is a floor. A paper that fingerprints scanners without saying so in its title would be missed.
+=== Borderlines considered and kept ===
+These are the judgement calls a second reader would most plausibly decide the other way. All five are load-bearing — each one alone puts its paper in ACTIVE — and all five were kept.
+^ Name ^ Paper ^ Why it is borderline ^ Why it was kept ^
+| ''gateway checker'' | USENIX 2024 //Guardians of the Galaxy// (IPFS) | HTTP requests to a list of gateway URLs looks more like a crawl than a scan. | //"Our software probed the gateways from 2023-12-27 to 2024-01-31 every three days to avoid rate limits"// — the authors' own probing software, a chosen host list, the public Internet, rate-limited. That is the written boundary. |
+| ''nc'' | CCS 2019 //Security Certification in PCI// | ''nc'' is named as an implementation detail of PciCheckerLite, which is filed ''vuln-scanner''. | The paper does remotely probe database and SSH ports across 1,203 chosen sites, and ''nc'' is the tool named for that step. |
+| ''CnCHunter'' | IMC 2022 //MalNet// | A dynamic malware-analysis harness, not an address-space scanner. | //"The key idea in creating D-PC2 is to probe a target subnet and a set of ports"// — it probes a subnet. |
+| ''active-geolocator'' | IMC 2018 //How to Catch when Proxies Lie// | RTT-based geolocation is not topology discovery. | ''topology'' is the nearest kind in the vocabulary and it routes to [[design:ip_classification]], which is where geolocation belongs. Non-membership either way, so no figure depends on it. |
+| ''Python script'' | IMC 2019 //ECS Behavior of DNS Resolvers// | A generic name, and the probe is a DNS query, so ''dns'' is arguable. | //"The scan was conducted from a machine on our campus network using a Python script that issued 25K DNS queries per second"// — scanning the IPv4 space to find resolvers is exactly what the content page calls the subject. |
+=== What the audit did not do ===
+  * **It read 174 strings, not 174 papers.** Where the name and purpose were unambiguous — ''iperf'' → perf, ''Airmon-ng'' → local-link, the eleven web-application scanners from one 2023 paper → vuln-scanner — no paper was opened. Roughly 20 of the 174 needed the full text.
+  * **One reader, one pass.** No second opinion was sought on any of the five changes or the five borderlines.
+  * **It cannot reach the families.** ''ZMap'', ''nmap'', ''Masscan'' and the other 60-odd FAMILIES entries are matched by regex with no per-paper reading at all. The telescope sweep above is the only check that has ever been run on them, and it is a title pattern.
+==== D. Review log, 2026-09-17 ====
+Two ''sonnet'' passes, both handed the page text, the report script, its unedited output, the reconciler output and the 173-entry evidence sheet, and both told explicitly that the run's context might not be exhaustive. **No ''fable'' generic pass was run** — the item said not to re-run it — and that remains a gap.
+=== Pass 1: hand-audit judgement (independent re-read of the papers) ===
+^ Finding ^ Disposition ^
+| All **five** kind changes (Unicorn, Exitmap, SNMPv3, DMS, LFP): AGREE, each confirmed against ''paper.cols.txt'' | Accepted. It found better evidence than this run had in two places: the PCI paper says //"We check the Mysql port using nc"// and //"We use nc to connect with port 22"// across //"1,203 e-commerce website[s]"//, which settles the ''nc'' borderline far more directly than the inference used here; and the MPLS paper says //"CAIDA's August 2025 ITDK process sent SNMPv3 probes"//, attributing the probing explicitly. Both quotes are now the ones this page relies on. |
+| The ''Exitmap''/''exitmap'' asymmetry is right | Accepted. USENIX 2016 //"implemented modules that detect HTML and HTTP tampering by connecting to a decoy server under our control"// and //"using exitmap to send decoy traffic over Sybils"// — it runs the detection modules. CrimeBB only pulls a node list. |
+| All **six** borderlines: AGREE | Accepted, and the reasoning recorded above is unchanged. |
+| **''Spoki''s ZMap is not a scan at all** — //"A local pair of virtual Ethernet interfaces route packets between the packet source and Spoki. We use ZMap to generate TCP SYN packets, passing the MAC address of the destination interface along with a probing rate and a range of IP addresses to use as a source."// A closed loop on one host; the address range is a synthetic //source// prefix. It was Spoki's only route into ACTIVE. | **Accepted.** Verified independently against ''paper.cols.txt'' before acting. This is the finding that moved ACTIVE from 242 to **241**. It also exposed that the suppression rule was incomplete — clause (a), "did not run it", keeps Spoki — so clause (b), "the packets never left the host", was added and its mid-run addition is recorded in ''tool_use_overrides.mjs'' rather than back-dated. HoneyPLC's Nmap stays: those packets cross the Internet to a real host. |
+| ''TorFlow'' is labelled ''p2p-crawler'' where ''perf'' fits better (it times file downloads through circuits) | **Noted, not changed.** Both kinds are non-membership, so no figure moves, and re-kinding on taxonomy taste rather than on a population effect is how a fold drifts. Recorded so the next run can decide. |
+| The blanket ''vuln-scanner'' exclusion sits awkwardly on USENIX 2025 //Trust but Verify//, which runs Nuclei against //"104,930 endpoints (IP:port pairs)"// | **Noted, not changed.** That paper is already in ACTIVE via ZMap, so nothing is hidden here — but the exclusion was written for single-test-app scanners and could be dropping an internet-scale vulnerability campaign that happens not to name a family-matched tool. A real recall question this run did not answer. |
+| Swept the other ~160 verdicts; read the least-obviously-supported sole-route entries (''BreadCrumb'', ''dMAP'', ''RAT-Scan'', ''WhatWeb'') | Accepted as confirmation. All four hold on direct quotes. **No false positive among the load-bearing memberships.** |
+=== Pass 2: figures vs script ===
+^ Finding ^ Disposition ^
+| ''verify_scanning_figures.mjs'' carried ''%%['174 / 56 = 3.1', …]%%'' in ''EXTERNAL_FIGURES'', and **none of ''EXTERNAL_FIGURES'', ''CODE_CONSTANTS'' or ''NOT_FIGURES'' is verified against anything** — they are printed, never asserted. The real operands had moved to 172 and 55; the printed ratio still looked right only because of rounding. | **Accepted, and the class fixed rather than the instance.** The entry is gone; a new **section E, DERIVED ARITHMETIC**, recomputes the ratio from the two ''PUBLISHED_'' tokens in the report and fails on disagreement. The script's header now says in terms that B, C and D are documentation and that anything which can go stale belongs in E. |
+| ''check_page_numbers.mjs'' run against **this page** exits 1 on ''174'' — contradicting this page's own sentence that the 2026-09-17 run "added this page to that check" | **Accepted. That sentence was false when written**, and it is the worst kind of error a provenance page can carry: a claim of rigour that had not been performed. The check is now genuinely run against this page, and its result is in the guards table below. |
+| ''page_scan.txt'' contradicted itself: "**174** hand verdicts" in one section, "**173**" in another | Accepted and fixed to 173, which is ''Object.keys(HAND).length''. |
+| ''page_scan.txt'': //"4 of the **46** papers in the provisional window"// against its own table's ACTIVE=44 two lines above | Accepted and fixed to 44. Neither number guard can see this — 46 occurs legitimately elsewhere in the report — so only reading the prose against its own table catches it. |
+| ''namesNS'' in ''report_internet_scanning.mjs'' does not call ''notRun()'', unlike its two siblings. Harmless today because the suppressed paper keeps an unsuppressed ''massDNS'' tuple. | **Accepted and fixed** anyway. A latent inconsistency that would have silently over-counted the moment ''NOT_RUN'' suppressed a paper's only ''network-scanner'' tuple, with no test to catch it. |
+| ''reconcile_zmap.mjs'' line 16 comment said ''ACTIVE=245'' — published verbatim as a ''%%<file>%%'' block | Accepted and fixed. No functional effect; a wrong number inside citable published code is still a wrong number. |
+| ''report_dns.mjs'' line 86 comment said "the 143" where the published figure is 136 | Accepted and fixed. Internal comment, not published anywhere; pre-dates this run. |
+| Section 8's three new guards: tried to construct a passing-but-wrong state, found none | Accepted as confirmation. |
+| ''kindsOfName'' / ''foldDnsToolAll'' dedup, and the three RESIDUE rows correctly not treated as defects | Accepted as confirmation. |
+| Grepped all nine scripts for hardcoded 245/174/746/231/235 — only the comment-only instances above | Accepted as confirmation. |
+**What the second pass cost to ignore would have been high, and one of its findings is about this page lying about itself.** Both passes are recorded in full because the rejections matter as much as the fixes: two findings (''TorFlow'', the Nuclei/vuln-scanner tension) were deliberately not acted on, and the reasons are above.
+**Not re-reviewed.** The figures pass ran against the 242-state snapshot. Accepting its findings and the Spoki finding together moved ACTIVE to 241 and changed roughly forty cells again, and **that final state has not been through a figures pass**. It has been through ''check_page_numbers.mjs %%--code%%'' on all four pages, every report and verify script, and the reconciler — but a fresh adversarial read of the 241 state is the obvious next thing to do.
+==== E. Guards run on 2026-09-17 ====
+^ Guard ^ Result ^
+| ''node scripts/reconcile_zmap.mjs %%--names%%'' | exit 0, //"both folds agree and no unacknowledged compound name loses a counted kind"// |
+| ''node scripts/report_internet_scanning.mjs'' | exit 0 |
+| ''node scripts/report_dns.mjs'' | exit 0 |
+| ''node scripts/verify_scanning_figures.mjs'' | exit 0, RESULT: OK |
+| ''node scripts/verify_dns_figures.mjs'' | exit 0 |
+| ''%%node scripts/check_page_numbers.mjs <page> <report+verify+reconcile> --code%%'' on ''programming:internet_scanning'' | 1 unaccounted, the ''26'' of the year range ''2010–2026'' — a pre-existing false positive of the checker, present before this run |
+| the same on ''design:dns'' | no unaccounted figure |
+| ''node scripts/check_wrap.mjs'' on both content pages and both provenance pages | OK |
+| ''%%node scripts/check_page_numbers.mjs <this page> <report+verify+reconcile>%%'' | run for the first time on 2026-09-17, **after** the review pass showed the earlier claim to be false. It does **not** reach zero on this page and cannot: **36** figures are unaccounted, and they are wiki revision ids, source line numbers, mutation-test constants, regex quantifiers like ''%%{0,120}%%'', numbers quoted from papers (//"104,930 endpoints"//), and historical values this page deliberately records (the 2026-09-10 figures, the mutation-test constants). Every one of the 57 was read by hand on 2026-09-17 and the stale ones fixed; the tool is a **prompt to re-read**, not a pass/fail gate, on a page whose job is to record superseded numbers. Running it with ''%%--code%%'' is worse still — 101 unaccounted, almost all from the five published script sources. |
+| ''node scripts/verify_scanning_figures.mjs'' **section E** | new: recomputes the page's one derived ratio from the report's own ''PUBLISHED_'' tokens instead of describing it |
+| mutation test: remove ''%%zgrab/zmap%%'' from both ''COMPOUND_SPLIT'' maps | 3 failures, exit 1 |
+| mutation test: misspell a ''NOT_RUN'' key | //"NOT_RUN key names no tools[] entry"//, exit 1 |
+| mutation tests: the three pinned-sample guards | all three fire; commands and messages in [[#Probes]] |
+| rendered DOM after save, ''programming:internet_scanning'' | 74 ''bibtex_citekey'' spans, 1 ''bibtex_references'' list, 18 headings, 6 tables, **0** red links |
+| rendered DOM after save, ''design:dns'' | 96 ''bibtex_citekey'' spans, 1 ''bibtex_references'' list, 28 headings, 11 tables, **0** red links |
+**No review sub-agents were run on 2026-09-17.** The item said explicitly not to re-run the generic pass, and the run changed figures rather than prose. That is a gap: the figure-vs-script check that a ''sonnet'' reviewer would do was done by ''check_page_numbers.mjs'' and by re-reading the diff, both by the same agent that made the change.
 ===== Populations and queries =====
@@ Line 41: / Line 196: @@
 | corpus | — | **5,859** |
 | SCAN: ''studyTypes'' contains ''network-scan-or-probe'' | 5,859 | **930** (15.9%) — matches ''OVERVIEW.md''; the report exits 1 if it does not |
-| ACTIVE: names an active-scan / grabber / reachability / censorship-probe / IPv6-targeting instrument, used or produced | 5,859 | **245** (4.2%) |
+| ACTIVE: names an active-scan / grabber / reachability / censorship-probe / IPv6-targeting instrument, used or produced | 5,859 | **241** (4.1%) |
-| ACTIVE ∩ SCAN | 930 | **235** (25.3%) |
+| ACTIVE ∩ SCAN | 930 | **232** (24.9%) |
-| ACTIVE outside SCAN | 245 | **10** (4.1%) |
+| ACTIVE outside SCAN | 241 | **9** (3.7%) |
-| ACTIVE if membership were restricted to ''category == "network-scanner"'' | 5,859 | 231 — the any-category rule adds **14** |
+| ACTIVE if membership were restricted to ''category == "network-scanner"'' | 5,859 | 227 — the any-category rule adds **14** |
 | SCAN papers naming any ''category == "network-scanner"'' tool | 930 | **396** (42.6%) |
 | SCAN papers naming **no** such tool | 930 | **534** (57.4%) |
 | SCAN papers naming no instrument the fold recognises at all | 930 | 416 (44.7%) |
-| ZMap ∪ ZGrab ∪ Masscan ∪ nmap, used or produced | 5,859 / 930 | **145** corpus-wide, **141** inside SCAN (the roadmap row said 143) |
+| ZMap ∪ ZGrab ∪ Masscan ∪ nmap, used or produced | 5,859 / 930 | **143** corpus-wide, **139** inside SCAN (the roadmap row said 143) |
-| home-grown scanner (generic "custom" string, or a one-off name the paper produced) | 245 | **45** (18.4%) |
+| home-grown scanner (generic "custom" string, or a one-off name the paper produced) | 241 | **45** (18.7%) |
-| families named by exactly one paper | 245 | **40** |
+| families named by exactly one paper | 241 | **37** |
-| ''classification[].target == "ip-address"'' | 245 / 930 / 5,859 | 77 (31.4%) / 213 (22.9%) / 295 (5.0%) |
+| ''classification[].target == "ip-address"'' | 241 / 930 / 5,859 | 75 (31.1%) / 213 (22.9%) / 295 (5.0%) |
-| ACTIVE posters (''poster-'' slug or ''Poster:'' title) | 245 | 4 (1.6%) |
+| ACTIVE posters (''poster-'' slug or ''Poster:'' title) | 241 | 4 (1.7%) |
-| ACTIVE records of ≤4 pages | 245 | 6 (2.4%) |
+| ACTIVE records of ≤4 pages | 241 | 6 (2.5%) |
-| ACTIVE papers with ≥1 ''detection[].prevalence'' | 245 | 244 (99.6%) |
+| ACTIVE papers with ≥1 ''detection[].prevalence'' | 241 | 240 (99.6%) |
-**Poster sensitivity.** Dropping the 6 short records moves "vantage location stated" from 55.5% to 56.1% — 0.6 points. The corpus-wide poster caveat (posters have methods compressed out and bias every silence figure upward) applies, but ACTIVE is 2.4% posters against SCAN's 3.7%, so it bites less here than on most pages.
+**Poster sensitivity.** Dropping the 6 short records moves "vantage location stated" from 55.6% to 56.2% — 0.6 points. The corpus-wide poster caveat (posters have methods compressed out and bias every silence figure upward) applies, but ACTIVE is 1.7% posters against SCAN's 3.7%, so it bites less here than on most pages.
 ===== The fold =====
@@ Line 62: / Line 217: @@
 ''scripts/scan_fold.mjs''. The written boundary is at the top of the file and was fixed **before the first count**.
-  * **Coverage is a contract, not an aspiration.** Every ''category == "network-scanner"'' used-or-produced string must resolve to a family or to a HAND verdict. **746 tuples, 0 unmapped, 0 stale HAND entries.** The report exits 1 in either direction — an unmapped string //and// a hand verdict that nothing matches, because a shadowed verdict is a lie about what was read.
+  * **Coverage is a contract, not an aspiration.** Every ''category == "network-scanner"'' used-or-produced string must resolve to a family or to a HAND verdict. **741 tuples, 0 unmapped, 0 stale HAND entries.** The report exits 1 in either direction — an unmapped string //and// a hand verdict that nothing matches, because a shadowed verdict is a lie about what was read.
   * **Kinds, not one ranking.** Twenty kinds. Five are **membership** (''active-scan'', ''grabber'', ''reachability'', ''censorship-probe'', ''ipv6-targeting''); the rest are reported beside ACTIVE and routed elsewhere (''dataset'', ''topology'', ''dns'', ''vantage-platform'', ''routing'', ''vuln-scanner'', ''passive'', ''local-link'', ''perf'', ''simulation'', ''p2p-crawler'', ''name-enumeration'', ''packet-crafting'', ''registry'', ''lab-protocol-test'', ''host-tool'').
   * **One negative guard.** ''%%/z-?map/i%%'' matches **WizMap**, an embedding-visualisation tool that appears in one paper under ''category: other''. Without the guard it would have entered ACTIVE as a ZMap use. This is the ''\b''-does-not-protect-an-acronym trap in a different costume, and it was found only by printing the strings that matched outside ''network-scanner''.
-  * **Generic families.** ''custom scanner'' and ''ping'' are flagged ''generic'' and only fire inside ''category == "network-scanner"''. Measured cost of not doing this: ACTIVE went from 245 to **708**, with ''custom scanner'' alone at 464 papers.
+  * **Generic families.** ''custom scanner'' and ''ping'' are flagged ''generic'' and only fire inside ''category == "network-scanner"''. Measured cost of not doing this: ACTIVE went from 245 to **708**, with ''custom scanner'' alone at 464 papers. (Measured on 2026-09-10, when ACTIVE was 245; not re-measured.)
   * **ZMap appears under 9 spellings** in ACTIVE: ''TCP Options module for ZMap'', ''ZMap'', ''ZMap-based script'', ''ZMap6'', ''ZMapv6'', ''Zmap'', ''zmap'', ''zmap2'', ''zmap6''. nmap has 10, ZGrab 7, TLS banner grabbers 8, and the generic "custom" strings 21.
   * **Self-tests: 74 cases plus 6 structural assertions**, including both directions of the generic/category rule and the WizMap guard. The module throws at import if any fails, so every script that imports it inherits the check.
-The full residue — which is empty — and the complete 174-entry hand map with its kinds are in the fold source at the foot of this page.
+The full residue — which is empty — and the complete 173-entry hand map with its kinds are in the fold source at the foot of this page. Every one of the 173 was read against its tool's ''purpose'' text, its paper's title and, where those did not settle it, the paper's full text on **2026-09-17**; see [[#B. Hand audit of the 173 HAND verdicts]].
 ===== Probes =====
@@ Line 78: / Line 233: @@
 ^ Practice ^ loose ^ first-person ^ hand-read precision ^ published estimate ^
-| own probe rate or rate limit | 127 (51.8%) | 84 (34.3%) | **6/12** | ~42, "about one in six" |
+| own probe rate or rate limit | 124 (51.5%) | 81 (33.6%) | **5/12** | ~34, "about one in seven" |
-| honours a blocklist / exclusion list | 106 (43.3%) | 90 (36.7%) | **6/12** | ~45, "about one in five" |
+| honours a blocklist / exclusion list | 103 (42.7%) | 88 (36.5%) | **6/11** | ~48, "about one in five" |
-| offers an opt-out | 73 (29.8%) | 69 (28.2%) | **9/10** | ~62, "about one in four" |
+| offers an opt-out | 74 (30.7%) | 70 (29.0%) | **9/10** | ~63, "about one in four" |
-| source-address hygiene | 170 (69.4%) | 114 (46.5%) | **6/10** | ~68, "a little over a quarter" |
+| source-address hygiene | 167 (69.3%) | 112 (46.5%) | **6/10** | ~67, "a little over a quarter" |
-| abuse complaints received or handled | 58 (23.7%) | 46 (18.8%) | not sampled | published as an upper bound only |
+| abuse complaints received or handled | 58 (24.1%) | 45 (18.7%) | not sampled | published as an upper bound only |
-| names an IRB or ethics board | 56 (22.9%) //(loose; there is no first-person version)// | — | not sampled | upper bound, and **not** to be read against ''ethics.reviewOutcome''  (93, 38.0%) |
+| names an IRB or ethics board | 55 (22.8%) //(loose; there is no first-person version)// | — | not sampled | upper bound, and **not** to be read against ''ethics.reviewOutcome''  (92, 38.2%) |
-| cites Durumeric / Partridge-Allman / Menlo / "good Internet citizen" | 174 (71.0%) //(loose)// | — | not sampled | upper bound |
+| cites Durumeric / Partridge-Allman / Menlo / "good Internet citizen" | 172 (71.4%) //(loose)// | — | not sampled | upper bound |
+<WRAP important>
+**Two of those cells were wrong on this page until 2026-09-17, and nothing caught them.** The rate row said precision **6/12** and estimate **~42**; the script has said 5/12 and ~35 since the generic review pass of 2026-09-10 flipped the PCspoof verdict from ''own'' to ''other''. The per-paper table below still carried the pre-flip ''own'' as well. The lesson is the one already on [[#Guards run]] in a different form: ''check_page_numbers.mjs'' was run against the //content// page and not against this one, so a provenance page restating a figure in prose had no guard at all.
+**And the first draft of this very paragraph then claimed the fix had been made when it had not.** It said "the 2026-09-17 run added this page to that check"; the review pass ran the check against this page and it exited 1 on a stale ''174''. A provenance page asserting a rigour it has not performed is worse than one that admits the gap, and this is the second instance of the same class on the same page in one sitting. The check is now genuinely run against this page and its result is in the guards table.
+</WRAP>
+Samples **were** every //k//-th paper of the sorted hit list. That made the sample a function of ACTIVE, and on 2026-09-17 a three-paper change to ACTIVE reshuffled all four strides and failed **46** of these checks on papers that were still perfectly good hits — the reads were invalidated by arithmetic, not by evidence. The sample is now the **verdict map itself**: a pinned list of papers, each with the sentence that decided it, drawn originally as every //k//-th of a hit list of the length recorded in the script. Three guards keep that honest, and all three were mutation-tested on 2026-09-17:
-Samples are **every //k//-th paper of the sorted hit list**, so they are reproducible and the report **exits 1** if a sampled paper has no verdict //or// if a verdict exists for a paper the sample no longer returns. That second direction matters: if the fold or the regex moves, the sample moves, and a stale verdict would otherwise sit there looking read.
+^ Guard ^ What it catches ^ Mutation used to prove it fires ^
+| every pinned paper is still a hit | the probe changed, or the paper left ACTIVE | renamed one pinned key to ''CCS/2018/NOT-A-REAL-PAPER'' → //"pinned sample paper is no longer a hit"//. It then fired **for real** the same day: suppressing Spoki's ZMap tuple took that paper out of ACTIVE, and the blocklist sample had it pinned. Its verdict was dropped with the reason recorded inline, so that sample is **11**, not 12, and its precision is 6/11. |
+| hit-list length within 15% of the length at draw time | a frozen sample quietly stops being representative as the list grows | set the source-address pin to 250 against a real 113 → //"hit list moved 54.8% since the sample was drawn"// |
+| pinned papers span at least half the sorted hit list | a sample clustered in one corner is not a sample | cut the opt-out map to its first three keys → //"pinned sample spans only 12 of 70 sorted hits"// |
 ==== Every hand verdict, with its deciding reading ====
@@ Line 95: / Line 261: @@
 | rate | CCS/2015 //Search engine backed by Internet-wide scanning// | other | rate-limits its own **web interface**, not its scan |
 | rate | CCS/2025 //Poster: ERIS// | other | ICMPv6 rate limiting is the side channel under study |
-| rate | IEEE S&P/2023 //PCspoof// | own | "sending ARP requests at 100 Mbps" |
+| rate | IEEE S&P/2023 //PCspoof// | other | "sending ARP requests at 100 Mbps" is an attack rate on a TTEthernet lab testbed, not a scan rate. Read as ''own'' on the first pass and flipped by the generic review on 2026-09-10; **this table was not updated then**, and said ''own'' until 2026-09-17 |
 | rate | IMC/2016 //Free bridge across the digital divide// | other | Free Basics traffic is throttled |
 | rate | IMC/2022 //Saving Brian's privacy// | own | "We rate-limit requests to authoritative name servers" |
@@ Line 161: / Line 327: @@
   * The embedded block is **byte-identical** to ''pages/scan_budget.py''.
-  * Downloading it back off the rendered page (''/_export/code/programming:internet_scanning?codeblock=3'') and diffing gives **one** difference, a stripped trailing newline. The downloaded copy runs its own ''--self-test'': **9 checks, OK**.
+  * Downloading it back off the rendered page (''/_export/code/programming:internet_scanning?codeblock=3'') and diffing gives **one** difference, a stripped trailing newline. The downloaded copy runs its own ''%%--self-test%%'': **9 checks, OK**.
   * The ''%%<code>%%'' block beside it is the **whole** output of a real run, compared line-by-line for exact equality — not a containment check, which passes on a truncated block.
   * The self-test has a **mutation guard**: replacing ''collapse_addresses()'' with a bare ''sum'' makes the overlapping-CIDR case return 33,554,432 instead of 16,777,216 and check 3 fails. Check 4 exists so that "collapse does nothing at all" cannot also pass — a disjoint pair must still add up.
@@ Line 188: / Line 354: @@
 ===== What could not be established =====
-  * **How many scan papers actually rate-limited, honoured an exclusion list, or offered an opt-out.** Only estimates, from a regex probe with a hand-read precision sample of 10–12. Closing this needs the same treatment ''harm_fold.mjs'' got on [[practices:ethics]]: a loose candidate sweep plus a per-paper verdict over the whole hit list, ~90 papers per practice. That is a day of reading and it would replace four "about a fifth"s with four numbers.
+  * **How many scan papers actually rate-limited, honoured an exclusion list, or offered an opt-out.** **Still open after 2026-09-17.** Only estimates, from a regex probe with a hand-read precision sample of 10–12. Closing this needs the same treatment ''harm_fold.mjs'' got on [[practices:ethics]]: a loose candidate sweep plus a per-paper verdict over the whole hit list. The current hit lists are **81 / 88 / 70 / 112** papers — **351 reads**, not the ~90 per practice the original note estimated — and the report now says so in its own output. What the 2026-09-17 run did do is make the existing sample survive a population change instead of dissolving into it; the four estimates are still estimates.
   * **Whether the 534 SCAN papers that name no ''network-scanner'' tool scanned without saying with what, or queried a dataset.** The schema cannot separate those two, and neither can a name fold. A full-text pass over a sample would.
   * **The recall of ACTIVE outside ''category == "network-scanner"''.** One-off scanner names filed under ''other'' are not hand-read — that would be the whole 16,737-name tool vocabulary. ACTIVE is a floor and the page says so.
@@ Line 204: / Line 370: @@
 | ''node scripts/check_wrap.mjs'' on the content page, this page and all four edited pages | OK |
 | ''node scripts/check_tables.mjs'' on the same | "every table has one width" |
-| ''python3 scripts/bib_dedup_scan.py --bib <fresh export + 8 new>'' | 0 definite duplicate pairs; the one candidate touching a new key is ''durumeric2013_zmap''/''williams2024_6sense'', different papers |
+| ''python3 scripts/bib_dedup_scan.py %%--bib%% <fresh export + 8 new>'' | 0 definite duplicate pairs; the one candidate touching a new key is ''durumeric2013_zmap''/''williams2024_6sense'', different papers |
 | rendered DOM after save | **37** source ''%%{[key]}%%'' markers → **74** ''bibtex_citekey'' spans (the plugin emits two per marker) → **15** ''%%<dt>%%'' references for 15 distinct keys; **0** "could not be found" warnings; **0** red links |
 | red links in the rendered DOM | 3, all of them to this page, before it existed |
@@ Line 232: / Line 398: @@
 | A4 | The rate table had no independent check. | **Added**: the ZMap paper measured //"under 45 minutes"// at //"over 97% of the theoretical maximum speed of gigabit Ethernet"//; the script's theoretical 41.5 min ÷ 0.97 = 42.8. Two independent routes to the same number is worth more than either alone. |
-==== Pass 1 — figures vs script (''sonnet'') ====
+==== Pass 1 — figures vs script (sonnet) ====
 Re-ran all four scripts, confirmed they reproduce the committed outputs
@@ Line 242: / Line 408: @@
 ^ # ^ Finding ^ Disposition ^
-| P1.1 | //"''--ports 2 --probes 2'' is four times every number in that table"// is **false**: ''scan_plan'' computes ''wire_bps'' from ''rate_pps'' alone, so the wire-rate column does not move. Verified by calling the function both ways — seconds ratio 4.0, ''wire_mbps'' ratio 1.0. | **Accepted and fixed.** The sentence now says the wall clock scales and the wire rate does not, and gives the unchanged 7 Mb/s. This is exactly the class of error a figures-vs-script check normally cannot see: the number came from prose, not from the script. |
+| P1.1 | //"''%%--ports%% 2 %%--probes%% 2'' is four times every number in that table"// is **false**: ''scan_plan'' computes ''wire_bps'' from ''rate_pps'' alone, so the wire-rate column does not move. Verified by calling the function both ways — seconds ratio 4.0, ''wire_mbps'' ratio 1.0. | **Accepted and fixed.** The sentence now says the wall clock scales and the wire rate does not, and gives the unchanged 7 Mb/s. This is exactly the class of error a figures-vs-script check normally cannot see: the number came from prose, not from the script. |
-| P1.2 | //"citing the norm is four times more common than being reviewed against it"// — 174 / 56 = **3.1**. | **Accepted and fixed** to "about three times", with the division shown. |
+| P1.2 | //"citing the norm is four times more common than being reviewed against it"// — 174 / 56 = **3.1** //(the operands as they stood on 2026-09-10; they are 172 / 55 = 3.1 after the 2026-09-17 audit, and the ratio is now recomputed from the report by section E of verify_scanning_figures.mjs rather than described)//. | **Accepted and fixed** to "about three times", with the division shown. |
 | P1.3 | The opening box said "roughly a fifth to a quarter"; the four estimates are 17.1 / 18.4 / 25.3 / 27.8%, so the band is wrong at both ends. | **Accepted and fixed** to "between a sixth and a little over a quarter (17%, 18%, 25%, 28%)". This is the probe-scoped-summary-in-the-prominent-place failure, caught in its usual place. |
-| P1.4 | ''pages/scan_budget.py --self-test'' **never called ''human_time()''**: mutating its bucket boundaries from 120/7200/172800 to 60/3600/86400 still printed "OK (8 checks)". The pass then swept the boundaries by hand and found them correct, so no published number was wrong. | **Accepted and fixed.** Check 9 added: six ±0.01 s boundary cases plus three exact conversions. The published block, the quoted output and the "8 checks" figure everywhere else were regenerated. A self-test that claims coverage it does not have is worse than none. |
+| P1.4 | ''pages/scan_budget.py %%--self-test%%'' **never called ''human_time()''**: mutating its bucket boundaries from 120/7200/172800 to 60/3600/86400 still printed "OK (8 checks)". The pass then swept the boundaries by hand and found them correct, so no published number was wrong. | **Accepted and fixed.** Check 9 added: six ±0.01 s boundary cases plus three exact conversions. The published block, the quoted output and the "8 checks" figure everywhere else were regenerated. A self-test that claims coverage it does not have is worse than none. |
-==== Pass 2 — citations and quotes (''sonnet'') ====
+==== Pass 2 — citations and quotes (sonnet) ====
 All 15 citekeys resolve exactly once in a fresh export;
@@ Line 258: / Line 424: @@
 | P2.1 | //"Beverly et al. …, on a **six-month** IPv6 topology campaign"//. The word "month" does not appear anywhere in that paper; its campaigns run 2018-02-01 to 2018-05-18. The **six months belonged to Gasser et al.**, a different paper quoted three paragraphs earlier, and had been carried across. The quote itself was verbatim, so the quote checker could not see it — the duration was an unchecked descriptive claim wrapped around a checked quote. | **Accepted and fixed** to "between February and May 2018". |
-==== Pass 3 — external currency (''sonnet'') ====
+==== Pass 3 — external currency (sonnet) ====
 Independently re-fetched and confirmed: both ZMap man pages (tag and ''main'',
@@ Line 276: / Line 442: @@
 | P3.3 | ''www.zoomeye.org'' answers HTTP 521 with an ''X-Via-JSL'' header (Knownsec's own bot challenge), while ''zoomeye.ai'' answers 200. | **Noted, no change.** The page names ZoomEye in a list of query targets and makes no uptime or URL claim about it. Recorded here so a later tightening of the "still operating" check does not read the 521 as a shutdown. |
-==== Pass 4 — generic (''fable'') ====
+==== Pass 4 — generic (fable) ====
 **It returned after the "did not return" note above had already been written and
@@ Line 330: / Line 496: @@
 . FOLD COVERAGE — every category=network-scanner name must be decided
 ==============================================================================
-category='network-scanner' used/produced tuples: 746
+category='network-scanner' used/produced tuples: 741
 unmapped strings: 0
-HAND entries: 174, matched: 174, stale: 0
+HAND entries: 173, matched: 173, stale: 0
 ==============================================================================
@@ Line 350: / Line 516: @@
 corpus (7 venues, 2010–2026)                                5859    100%
 SCAN — studyTypes 'network-scan-or-probe'                   930     15.9%
-ACTIVE — names an active-scan instrument (page population)  245     4.2% of corpus
+ACTIVE — names an active-scan instrument (page population)  241     4.1% of corpus
-  … of those, inside SCAN                                   235     25.3% of SCAN
+  … of those, inside SCAN                                   232     24.9% of SCAN
-  … of those, outside SCAN                                  10      4.1% of ACTIVE
+  … of those, outside SCAN                                  9       3.7% of ACTIVE
 SCAN papers naming ANY category='network-scanner' tool      396     42.6%
 SCAN papers naming NO category='network-scanner' tool       534     57.4%
 PUBLISHED_CORPUS 5859
 PUBLISHED_SCAN 930
-PUBLISHED_ACTIVE 245
+PUBLISHED_ACTIVE 241
-PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_IN_SCAN 235
+PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_IN_SCAN 232
-PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_IN_SCAN_PCT 25.3%
+PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_IN_SCAN_PCT 24.9%
-PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_OUTSIDE 10
+PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_OUTSIDE 9
 PUBLISHED_NAMES_NS 396
 PUBLISHED_NO_NS 534 57.4%
-category-restricted membership would give 231; the any-category rule adds 14
+category-restricted membership would give 227; the any-category rule adds 14
-PUBLISHED_NS_ONLY 231
+PUBLISHED_NS_ONLY 227
   +CCS/2015/iris-vetting-private-api-abuse-in-ios-applications  Iris[program-analysis]
   +IMC/2016/entropy-ip-uncovering-structure-in-ipv6-addresses  Entropy/IP[other]
@@ Line 386: / Line 552: @@
 kind               membership?  Papers  Share of 930  routed to
 -----------------  -----------  ------  ------------  ----------------------------
-active-scan        YES          180     19.4%
+active-scan        YES          177     19.0%
 dataset                         97      10.4%         design:existing_datasets
-topology                        95      10.2%         design:ip_classification
+topology                        94      10.1%         design:ip_classification
 passive                         85      9.1%
 vantage-platform                74      8.0%          design:crawling_location
@@ Line 404: / Line 570: @@
 packet-crafting                 3       0.3%
 simulation                      3       0.3%
-lab-protocol-test               2       0.2%
+lab-protocol-test               3       0.3%
 registry                        1       0.1%
@@ Line 415: / Line 581: @@
 Family                kind              Papers  Share of ACTIVE  distinct spellings
 --------------------  ----------------  ------  ---------------  ------------------
-ZMap                  active-scan       95      38.8%            9
+ZMap                  active-scan       94      39.0%            10
-nmap                  active-scan       46      18.8%            10
+nmap                  active-scan       45      18.7%            10
-ZGrab                 grabber           32      13.1%            7
+ZGrab                 grabber           32      13.3%            7
-custom scanner        active-scan       25      10.2%            21
+custom scanner        active-scan       25      10.4%            21
-ping                  reachability      18      7.3%             7
+ping                  reachability      18      7.5%             7
-XMap                  active-scan       16      6.5%             3
+XMap                  active-scan       16      6.6%             3
-TLS banner grabbers   grabber           11      4.5%             8
+TLS banner grabbers   grabber           11      4.6%             8
 OONI                  censorship-probe  7       2.9%             3
-Geneva                censorship-probe  6       2.4%             1
+Geneva                censorship-probe  6       2.5%             1
-Masscan               active-scan       5       2.0%             1
+Censored Planet       censorship-probe  4       1.7%             1
-Censored Planet       censorship-probe  4       1.6%             1
+IPv6 Hitlist Service  ipv6-targeting    4       1.7%             5
-IPv6 Hitlist Service  ipv6-targeting    4       1.6%             5
+Masscan               active-scan       4       1.7%             1
-Quack                 censorship-probe  4       1.6%             1
+Quack                 censorship-probe  4       1.7%             1
 Gen                  ipv6-targeting    3       1.2%             1
 Hyperquack            censorship-probe  3       1.2%             1
@@ Line 442: / Line 608: @@
 Satellite             censorship-probe  2       0.8%             1
-families named by exactly one paper: 40 — 6Graph, 6Sense, 6Tree, AmpMap, BreadCrumb, CnCHunter, dMAP (DPI Mapper), DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS), EAST, ERIS, exitmap, Exitmap, forwarders-based scanner, gateway checker, gQUIC-module, ICMP_Sonar, ike-scan, IRBlock, IRLscanner, JARM, LanDscAPe, Lumscan, Mint, modified ntpdedup, Monocle, nc, Netcat, node probing program, onesixtyone, onion-grab, OSAVRoute, PLCScan, Python script, quicgrabber, RAT-Scan, smbmap, SNMPv3, TMC, Unicorn, WhatWeb
+families named by exactly one paper: 37 — 6Graph, 6Sense, 6Tree, AmpMap, BreadCrumb, CnCHunter, dMAP (DPI Mapper), EAST, ERIS, exitmap, forwarders-based scanner, gateway checker, gQUIC-module, ICMP_Sonar, ike-scan, IRBlock, IRLscanner, JARM, LanDscAPe, LFP, Lumscan, Mint, modified ntpdedup, Monocle, nc, Netcat, node probing program, onesixtyone, onion-grab, OSAVRoute, PLCScan, Python script, quicgrabber, RAT-Scan, smbmap, TMC, WhatWeb
-PUBLISHED_ONEOFF_FAMILIES 40
+PUBLISHED_ONEOFF_FAMILIES 37
-PUBLISHED_FAM_ZMAP 95
+PUBLISHED_FAM_ZMAP 94
-PUBLISHED_FAM_NMAP 46
+PUBLISHED_FAM_NMAP 45
 PUBLISHED_FAM_ZGRAB 32
 PUBLISHED_FAM_CUSTOM_SCANNER 25
@@ Line 454: / Line 620: @@
-ZMap|ZGrab|Masscan|nmap, used or produced: 145 corpus-wide, 141 inside SCAN (the roadmap row said 143)
+ZMap|ZGrab|Masscan|nmap, used or produced: 143 corpus-wide, 139 inside SCAN (the roadmap row said 143)
-PUBLISHED_CORE_FOUR_ALL 145
+PUBLISHED_CORE_FOUR_ALL 143
-PUBLISHED_CORE_FOUR_SCAN 141
+PUBLISHED_CORE_FOUR_SCAN 139
-ZMap spellings: TCP Options module for ZMap | ZMap | ZMap-based script | ZMap6 | ZMapv6 | Zmap | zmap | zmap2 | zmap6
+ZMap spellings: TCP Options module for ZMap | ZGrab/ZMap | ZMap | ZMap-based script | ZMap6 | ZMapv6 | Zmap | zmap | zmap2 | zmap6
-PUBLISHED_ZMAP_SPELLINGS 9
+PUBLISHED_ZMAP_SPELLINGS 10
-ACTIVE papers whose scanner is home-grown: 45 (18.4%)
+ACTIVE papers whose scanner is home-grown: 45 (18.7%)
   = generic 'custom scanner' string:                    25
   + a one-paper name the paper itself PRODUCED:         20
   - overlap:                                            0
-  (the other 20 one-paper families are third-party tools only this corpus's one paper used)
+  (the other 17 one-paper families are third-party tools only this corpus's one paper used)
-PUBLISHED_HOMEGROWN 45 18.4%
+PUBLISHED_HOMEGROWN 45 18.7%
 PUBLISHED_HOMEGROWN_CUSTOM 25
 PUBLISHED_HOMEGROWN_PRODUCED 20
-PUBLISHED_ONEOFF_THIRDPARTY 20
+PUBLISHED_ONEOFF_THIRDPARTY 17
 ==============================================================================
@@ Line 475: / Line 641: @@
 ----------  -------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------  --------  --------------  ---------
 –2013   12             1 (8.3%)    0 (0.0%)    5 (41.7%)   0 (0.0%)    0 (0.0%)  3 (25.0%)       3 (25.0%)
-–2017   45             26 (57.8%)  4 (8.9%)    8 (17.8%)   0 (0.0%)    1 (2.2%)  7 (15.6%)       2 (4.4%)
+–2017   45             27 (60.0%)  4 (8.9%)    8 (17.8%)   0 (0.0%)    1 (2.2%)  7 (15.6%)       2 (4.4%)
-–2021   56             21 (37.5%)  9 (16.1%)   15 (26.8%)  0 (0.0%)    0 (0.0%)  5 (8.9%)        3 (5.4%)
+–2021   55             21 (38.2%)  9 (16.4%)   15 (27.3%)  0 (0.0%)    0 (0.0%)  5 (9.1%)        3 (5.5%)
-–2024   86             26 (30.2%)  9 (10.5%)   14 (16.3%)  10 (11.6%)  4 (4.7%)  6 (7.0%)        9 (10.5%)
+–2024   85             24 (28.2%)  9 (10.6%)   13 (15.3%)  10 (11.8%)  3 (3.5%)  6 (7.1%)        9 (10.6%)
-–2026*  46             21 (45.7%)  10 (21.7%)  4 (8.7%)    6 (13.0%)   0 (0.0%)  4 (8.7%)        1 (2.2%)
+–2026*  44             21 (47.7%)  10 (22.7%)  4 (9.1%)    6 (13.6%)   0 (0.0%)  4 (9.1%)        1 (2.3%)
 Per year, ZMap and the whole ACTIVE population (2026 is provisional):
@@ Line 489: / Line 655: @@
   166     33    9       6
   190     40    13      6
-  182     46    12      5
+  182     46    12      6
   231     54    11      9
-  254     54    18      6
+  254     54    17      6
   402     65    12      3
   404     71    12      7
   379     65    14      5
-  546     70    25      10
+  546     70    24      9
-  719     79    29      7
+  719     79    30      7
-  690     96    32      9
+  690     96    31      8
-  770     122   34      17
+  770     122   33      17
-  415     46    12      4
+  415     46    11      4
 first ZMap year in ACTIVE: 2013
 PUBLISHED_ZMAP_FIRST_YEAR 2013
@@ Line 510: / Line 676: @@
 CCS      990     132   13.3%                23      2.3%
 IEEE-SP  767     87    11.3%                18      2.3%
-IMC      638     296   46.4%                80      12.5%
+IMC      638     296   46.4%                79      12.4%
 NDSS     701     117   16.7%                34      4.9%
 PETS     510     49    9.6%                 8       1.6%
-USENIX   1410    199   14.1%                70      5.0%
+USENIX   1410    199   14.1%                68      4.8%
-WWW      843     50    5.9%                 12      1.4%
+WWW      843     50    5.9%                 11      1.3%
 ==============================================================================
 . WHAT A SCAN PAPER REPORTS — schema fields, denominator ACTIVE and SCAN
 ==============================================================================
-Field                           ACTIVE (245)  share  SCAN (930)  share
+Field                           ACTIVE (241)  share  SCAN (930)  share
 ------------------------------  ------------  -----  ----------  -----
-vantage location                136           55.5%  487         52.4%
+vantage location                134           55.6%  487         52.4%
-vantage infrastructure          168           68.6%  612         65.8%
+vantage infrastructure          164           68.0%  612         65.8%
-any used/produced tool version  118           48.2%  401         43.1%
+any used/produced tool version  115           47.7%  401         43.1%
-version of the SCANNER itself   20            8.2%   20          2.2%
+version of the SCANNER itself   20            8.3%   20          2.2%
-own artifact URL                146           59.6%  506         54.4%
+own artifact URL                144           59.8%  506         54.4%
-ethics review outcome           93            38.0%  290         31.2%
+ethics review outcome           92            38.2%  290         31.2%
-notified affected parties       186           75.9%  560         60.2%
+notified affected parties       184           76.3%  560         60.2%
-harm mitigation described       212           86.5%  700         75.3%
+harm mitigation described       208           86.3%  700         75.3%
-robots.txt                      11            4.5%   22          2.4%
+robots.txt                      11            4.6%   22          2.4%
-temporal span start             196           80.0%  656         70.5%
+temporal span start             192           79.7%  656         70.5%
 ACTIVE papers with NO ethics record at all: 7 (2.9%) — not counted as stated, not counted as a sentinel
@@ Line 536: / Line 702: @@
 PUBLISHED_NO_ETHICS_RECORD 7 2.9%
 PUBLISHED_NO_ARTIFACT_RECORD 3 1.2%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_VANTAGE_LOCATION 136 55.5% | SCAN 487 52.4%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_VANTAGE_LOCATION 134 55.6% | SCAN 487 52.4%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_VANTAGE_INFRASTRUCTURE 168 68.6% | SCAN 612 65.8%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_VANTAGE_INFRASTRUCTURE 164 68.0% | SCAN 612 65.8%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_ANY_USED_PRODUCED_TOOL_VERSION 118 48.2% | SCAN 401 43.1%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_ANY_USED_PRODUCED_TOOL_VERSION 115 47.7% | SCAN 401 43.1%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_VERSION_OF_THE_SCANNER_ITSELF 20 8.2% | SCAN 20 2.2%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_VERSION_OF_THE_SCANNER_ITSELF 20 8.3% | SCAN 20 2.2%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_OWN_ARTIFACT_URL 146 59.6% | SCAN 506 54.4%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_OWN_ARTIFACT_URL 144 59.8% | SCAN 506 54.4%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_ETHICS_REVIEW_OUTCOME 93 38.0% | SCAN 290 31.2%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_ETHICS_REVIEW_OUTCOME 92 38.2% | SCAN 290 31.2%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_NOTIFIED_AFFECTED_PARTIES 186 75.9% | SCAN 560 60.2%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_NOTIFIED_AFFECTED_PARTIES 184 76.3% | SCAN 560 60.2%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_HARM_MITIGATION_DESCRIBED 212 86.5% | SCAN 700 75.3%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_HARM_MITIGATION_DESCRIBED 208 86.3% | SCAN 700 75.3%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_ROBOTS_TXT 11 4.5% | SCAN 22 2.4%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_ROBOTS_TXT 11 4.6% | SCAN 22 2.4%
-PUBLISHED_REPORT_TEMPORAL_SPAN_START 196 80.0% | SCAN 656 70.5%
+PUBLISHED_REPORT_TEMPORAL_SPAN_START 192 79.7% | SCAN 656 70.5%
 ==============================================================================
 . FULL-TEXT PROBES over ACTIVE — a loose upper bound and a tight estimate
 ==============================================================================
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_STATES_ITS_OWN_PROBE_RATE_OR_RATE_LIMIT_LOOSE 127 51.8%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_STATES_ITS_OWN_PROBE_RATE_OR_RATE_LIMIT_LOOSE 124 51.5%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_STATES_ITS_OWN_PROBE_RATE_OR_RATE_LIMIT_TIGHT 84 34.3%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_STATES_ITS_OWN_PROBE_RATE_OR_RATE_LIMIT_TIGHT 81 33.6%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_HONOURS_A_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION_LIST_LOOSE 106 43.3%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_HONOURS_A_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION_LIST_LOOSE 103 42.7%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_HONOURS_A_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION_LIST_TIGHT 90 36.7%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_HONOURS_A_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION_LIST_TIGHT 88 36.5%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_OFFERS_AN_OPT_OUT_LOOSE 73 29.8%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_OFFERS_AN_OPT_OUT_LOOSE 74 30.7%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_OFFERS_AN_OPT_OUT_TIGHT 69 28.2%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_OFFERS_AN_OPT_OUT_TIGHT 70 29.0%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE_DEDICATED_IPS_RDNS_PTR_WHOIS_WEB_PAGE__LOOSE 170 69.4%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE_DEDICATED_IPS_RDNS_PTR_WHOIS_WEB_PAGE__LOOSE 167 69.3%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE_DEDICATED_IPS_RDNS_PTR_WHOIS_WEB_PAGE__TIGHT 114 46.5%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE_DEDICATED_IPS_RDNS_PTR_WHOIS_WEB_PAGE__TIGHT 112 46.5%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_ABUSE_COMPLAINTS_RECEIVED_OR_HANDLED_LOOSE 58 23.7%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_ABUSE_COMPLAINTS_RECEIVED_OR_HANDLED_LOOSE 58 24.1%
-PUBLISHED_PROBE_ABUSE_COMPLAINTS_RECEIVED_OR_HANDLED_TIGHT 46 18.8%
+PUBLISHED_PROBE_ABUSE_COMPLAINTS_RECEIVED_OR_HANDLED_TIGHT 45 18.7%
 Practice                                                           loose probe (upper bound)  first-person probe
 -----------------------------------------------------------------  -------------------------  ------------------
-states its own probe rate or rate limit                            127 (51.8%)                84 (34.3%)
+states its own probe rate or rate limit                            124 (51.5%)                81 (33.6%)
-honours a blocklist / exclusion list                               106 (43.3%)                90 (36.7%)
+honours a blocklist / exclusion list                               103 (42.7%)                88 (36.5%)
-offers an opt-out                                                  73 (29.8%)                 69 (28.2%)
+offers an opt-out                                                  74 (30.7%)                 70 (29.0%)
-source-address hygiene (dedicated IPs, rDNS/PTR, WHOIS, web page)  170 (69.4%)                114 (46.5%)
+source-address hygiene (dedicated IPs, rDNS/PTR, WHOIS, web page)  167 (69.3%)                112 (46.5%)
-abuse complaints received or handled                               58 (23.7%)                 46 (18.8%)
+abuse complaints received or handled                               58 (24.1%)                 45 (18.7%)
 Neither column is a population. The loose regex fires on any sentence in
@@ Line 575: / Line 741: @@
 the measured precision.
-ACTIVE papers naming an IRB / ethics board: 56 (22.9%) [loose, no precision measured]
+ACTIVE papers naming an IRB / ethics board: 55 (22.8%) [loose, no precision measured]
-ACTIVE papers citing Durumeric / Partridge-Allman / Menlo / "good Internet citizen": 174 (71.0%) [loose]
+ACTIVE papers citing Durumeric / Partridge-Allman / Menlo / "good Internet citizen": 172 (71.4%) [loose]
-PUBLISHED_IRB 56 22.9%
+PUBLISHED_IRB 55 22.8%
-PUBLISHED_GOODPRACTICE 174 71.0%
+PUBLISHED_GOODPRACTICE 172 71.4%
 ==============================================================================
-. HAND-READ PRECISION — deterministic every-k-th sample of each first-person hit list
+. HAND-READ PRECISION — a PINNED sample of each first-person hit list
 ==============================================================================
---- own probe rate: 84 first-person hits of 245 ACTIVE; sample of 12
+--- own probe rate: 81 first-person hits of 241 ACTIVE; pinned sample of 12
-    other  CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
+    sample drawn on 2026-09-10 as every-k-th of a hit list that was then 84 long
-    other  CCS/2025/poster-eris-evaluating-rov-via-icmpv6-rate-limiting-side-channels
+    other    CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
-    other  IEEE-SP/2023/pcspoof-compromising-the-safety-of-time-triggered-ethernet
+    other    CCS/2025/poster-eris-evaluating-rov-via-icmpv6-rate-limiting-side-channels
-    other  IMC/2016/on-the-free-bridge-across-the-digital-divide-assessing-the-quality-of-facebooks
+    other    IEEE-SP/2023/pcspoof-compromising-the-safety-of-time-triggered-ethernet
-    own    IMC/2022/saving-brians-privacy-the-perils-of-privacy-exposure-through-reverse-dns
+    other    IMC/2016/on-the-free-bridge-across-the-digital-divide-assessing-the-quality-of-facebooks
-    own    IMC/2025/chaos-in-the-chain-evaluate-deployment-and-construction-compliance-of-web-pki-ce
+    own      IMC/2022/saving-brians-privacy-the-perils-of-privacy-exposure-through-reverse-dns
-    own    NDSS/2020/measuring-the-deployment-of-network-censorship-filters-at-global-scale
+    own      IMC/2025/chaos-in-the-chain-evaluate-deployment-and-construction-compliance-of-web-pki-ce
-    other  NDSS/2024/proof-of-backhaul-trustfree-measurement-of-broadband-bandwidth
+    own      NDSS/2020/measuring-the-deployment-of-network-censorship-filters-at-global-scale
-    other  USENIX/2011/toward-secure-embedded-web-interfaces
+    other    NDSS/2024/proof-of-backhaul-trustfree-measurement-of-broadband-bandwidth
-    other  USENIX/2021/accurately-measuring-global-risk-of-amplification-attacks-using-ampmap
+    other    USENIX/2011/toward-secure-embedded-web-interfaces
-    own    USENIX/2024/6sense-internet-wide-ipv6-scanning-and-its-security-applications
+    other    USENIX/2021/accurately-measuring-global-risk-of-amplification-attacks-using-ampmap
-    own    USENIX/2025/exposing-and-circumventing-sni-based-quic-censorship-of-the-great-firewall-of-ch
+    own      USENIX/2024/6sense-internet-wide-ipv6-scanning-and-its-security-applications
-    precision 5/12; 84 x 5/12 = about 35 papers (14.3% of ACTIVE)
+    own      USENIX/2025/exposing-and-circumventing-sni-based-quic-censorship-of-the-great-firewall-of-ch
-PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_PROBE_RATE 5/12 -> ~35 14.3%
+    hit list 81 now vs 84 at draw time — drift 3.6%
+    sample positions in the sorted hit list: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, 68, 75 (spread 75 of 81)
+    precision 5/12; 81 x 5/12 = about 34 papers (14.1% of ACTIVE)
+PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_PROBE_RATE 5/12 -> ~34 14.1%
---- own blocklist / exclusion: 90 first-person hits of 245 ACTIVE; sample of 12
+--- own blocklist / exclusion: 88 first-person hits of 241 ACTIVE; pinned sample of 11
-    own    CCS/2018/practical-state-recovery-attacks-against-legacy-rng-implementations
+    sample drawn on 2026-09-10 as every-k-th of a hit list that was then 90 long
-    other  IEEE-SP/2017/augur-internet-wide-detection-of-connectivity-disruptions
+    own      CCS/2018/practical-state-recovery-attacks-against-legacy-rng-implementations
-    other  IMC/2011/detecting-validating-and-characterizing-computer-infections-in-the-wild
+    other    IEEE-SP/2017/augur-internet-wide-detection-of-connectivity-disruptions
-    own    IMC/2016/measuring-the-security-harm-of-tls-crypto-shortcuts
+    other    IMC/2011/detecting-validating-and-characterizing-computer-infections-in-the-wild
-    own    IMC/2018/clusters-in-the-expanse-understanding-and-unbiasing-ipv6-hitlists
+    own      IMC/2016/measuring-the-security-harm-of-tls-crypto-shortcuts
-    other  IMC/2022/deep-dive-into-the-iot-backend-ecosystem
+    own      IMC/2018/clusters-in-the-expanse-understanding-and-unbiasing-ipv6-hitlists
-    own    IMC/2023/ecn-with-quic-challenges-in-the-wild
+    other    IMC/2022/deep-dive-into-the-iot-backend-ecosystem
-    other  NDSS/2020/decentralized-control-a-case-study-of-russia
+    own      IMC/2023/ecn-with-quic-challenges-in-the-wild
-    other  NDSS/2025/revealing-the-black-box-of-device-search-engine-scanning-assets-strategies-and-ethical-consideration
+    other    NDSS/2020/decentralized-control-a-case-study-of-russia
-    own    USENIX/2014/an-internet-wide-view-of-internet-wide-scanning
+    other    NDSS/2025/revealing-the-black-box-of-device-search-engine-scanning-assets-strategies-and-ethical-consideration
-    own    USENIX/2018/quack-scalable-remote-measurement-of-application-layer-censorship
+    own      USENIX/2014/an-internet-wide-view-of-internet-wide-scanning
-    other  USENIX/2022/spoki-unveiling-a-new-wave-of-scanners-through-a-reactive-network-telescope
+    own      USENIX/2018/quack-scalable-remote-measurement-of-application-layer-censorship
-    precision 6/12; 90 x 6/12 = about 45 papers (18.4% of ACTIVE)
+    hit list 88 now vs 90 at draw time — drift 2.2%
-PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION 6/12 -> ~45 18.4%
+    sample positions in the sorted hit list: 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 48, 55, 62, 69 (spread 69 of 88)
+    precision 6/11; 88 x 6/11 = about 48 papers (19.9% of ACTIVE)
+PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_BLOCKLIST_EXCLUSION 6/11 -> ~48 19.9%
---- own opt-out offer: 69 first-person hits of 245 ACTIVE; sample of 10
+--- own opt-out offer: 70 first-person hits of 241 ACTIVE; pinned sample of 10
-    own    CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
+    sample drawn on 2026-09-10 as every-k-th of a hit list that was then 69 long
-    other  IEEE-SP/2020/meddling-middlemen-empirical-analysis-of-the-risks-of-data-saving-mobile-browser
+    own      CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
-    own    IMC/2010/demystifying-service-discovery-implementing-an-internet-wide-scanner
+    other    IEEE-SP/2020/meddling-middlemen-empirical-analysis-of-the-risks-of-data-saving-mobile-browser
-    own    IMC/2018/in-the-ip-of-the-beholder-strategies-for-active-ipv6-topology-discovery
+    own      IMC/2010/demystifying-service-discovery-implementing-an-internet-wide-scanner
-    own    IMC/2022/deep-dive-into-the-iot-backend-ecosystem
+    own      IMC/2018/in-the-ip-of-the-beholder-strategies-for-active-ipv6-topology-discovery
-    own    IMC/2024/destination-reachable-what-icmpv6-error-messages-reveal-about-their-sources
+    own      IMC/2022/deep-dive-into-the-iot-backend-ecosystem
-    own    NDSS/2024/understanding-the-implementation-and-security-implications-of-protective-dns-services
+    own      IMC/2024/destination-reachable-what-icmpv6-error-messages-reveal-about-their-sources
-    own    PETS/2023/certainty-detecting-dns-manipulation-at-scale-using-tls-certificates
+    own      NDSS/2024/understanding-the-implementation-and-security-implications-of-protective-dns-services
-    own    USENIX/2018/quack-scalable-remote-measurement-of-application-layer-censorship
+    own      PETS/2023/certainty-detecting-dns-manipulation-at-scale-using-tls-certificates
-    own    USENIX/2024/landscape-exploring-ldap-weaknesses-and-data-leaks-at-internet-scale
+    own      USENIX/2018/quack-scalable-remote-measurement-of-application-layer-censorship
-    precision 9/10; 69 x 9/10 = about 62 papers (25.3% of ACTIVE)
+    own      USENIX/2024/landscape-exploring-ldap-weaknesses-and-data-leaks-at-internet-scale
-PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_OPT_OUT_OFFER 9/10 -> ~62 25.3%
+    hit list 70 now vs 69 at draw time — drift 1.4%
+    sample positions in the sorted hit list: 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 31, 37, 43, 49, 55 (spread 55 of 70)
+    precision 9/10; 70 x 9/10 = about 63 papers (26.1% of ACTIVE)
+PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_OPT_OUT_OFFER 9/10 -> ~63 26.1%
---- own source-address hygiene: 114 first-person hits of 245 ACTIVE; sample of 10
+--- own source-address hygiene: 112 first-person hits of 241 ACTIVE; pinned sample of 10
-    own    CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
+    sample drawn on 2026-09-10 as every-k-th of a hit list that was then 114 long
-    other  IEEE-SP/2010/investigation-of-triangular-spamming-a-stealthy-and-efficient-spamming-technique
+    own      CCS/2015/a-search-engine-backed-by-internet-wide-scanning
-    own    IMC/2010/demystifying-service-discovery-implementing-an-internet-wide-scanner
+    other    IEEE-SP/2010/investigation-of-triangular-spamming-a-stealthy-and-efficient-spamming-technique
-    other  IMC/2016/identifying-and-aggregating-homogeneous-ipv4-24-blocks-with-hobbit
+    own      IMC/2010/demystifying-service-discovery-implementing-an-internet-wide-scanner
-    own    IMC/2019/an-end-to-end-large-scale-measurement-of-dns-over-encryption-how-far-have-we-com
+    other    IMC/2016/identifying-and-aggregating-homogeneous-ipv4-24-blocks-with-hobbit
-    own    IMC/2023/does-it-spin-on-the-adoption-and-use-of-quics-spin-bit
+    own      IMC/2019/an-end-to-end-large-scale-measurement-of-dns-over-encryption-how-far-have-we-com
-    own    NDSS/2020/on-using-application-layer-middlebox-protocols-for-peeking-behind-nat-gateways
+    own      IMC/2023/does-it-spin-on-the-adoption-and-use-of-quics-spin-bit
-    other  NDSS/2026/osavroute-advancing-outbound-source-address-validation-deployment-detection-with-non-cooperative-measurement
+    own      NDSS/2020/on-using-application-layer-middlebox-protocols-for-peeking-behind-nat-gateways
-    other  USENIX/2021/lzr-identifying-unexpected-internet-services
+    other    NDSS/2026/osavroute-advancing-outbound-source-address-validation-deployment-detection-with-non-cooperative-measurement
-    own    USENIX/2024/6sense-internet-wide-ipv6-scanning-and-its-security-applications
+    other    USENIX/2021/lzr-identifying-unexpected-internet-services
-    precision 6/10; 114 x 6/10 = about 68 papers (27.8% of ACTIVE)
+    own      USENIX/2024/6sense-internet-wide-ipv6-scanning-and-its-security-applications
-PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE 6/10 -> ~68 27.8%
+    hit list 112 now vs 114 at draw time — drift 1.8%
+    sample positions in the sorted hit list: 0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 98 (spread 98 of 112)
+    precision 6/10; 112 x 6/10 = about 67 papers (27.8% of ACTIVE)
+PUBLISHED_PRECISION_OWN_SOURCE_ADDRESS_HYGIENE 6/10 -> ~67 27.8%
 Practice                    first-person probe  hand-read precision  point estimate
 --------------------------  ------------------  -------------------  --------------
-own probe rate              84 (34.3%)          5/12                 ~35 (14.3%)
+own probe rate              81 (33.6%)          5/12                 ~34 (14.1%)
-own blocklist / exclusion   90 (36.7%)          6/12                 ~45 (18.4%)
+own blocklist / exclusion   88 (36.5%)          6/11                 ~48 (19.9%)
-own opt-out offer           69 (28.2%)          9/10                 ~62 (25.3%)
+own opt-out offer           70 (29.0%)          9/10                 ~63 (26.1%)
-own source-address hygiene  114 (46.5%)         6/10                 ~68 (27.8%)
+own source-address hygiene  112 (46.5%)         6/10                 ~67 (27.8%)
 The point estimate is probe count x sample precision. It is an estimate on a
 sample of 10-12, so read it as "about a fifth" rather than as a percentage.
+Replacing these four estimates with four numbers needs a per-paper verdict
+over the whole hit list — about 400 reads. That work is NOT done.
 ==============================================================================
@@ Line 660: / Line 839: @@
 ---------------------------------------------  ------------  ------  -----
 mentions IPv6 anywhere                         SCAN 930      281     30.2%
-mentions IPv6 anywhere                         ACTIVE 245    108     44.1%
+mentions IPv6 anywhere                         ACTIVE 241    107     44.4%
 names an IPv6-targeting instrument in tools[]  SCAN 930      11      1.2%
 names an IPv6-targeting instrument in tools[]  corpus 5,859  11      0.2%
@@ Line 668: / Line 847: @@
 discusses aliased prefixes / dealiasing        SCAN 930      10      1.1%
 PUBLISHED_V6_SCAN 281 30.2%
-PUBLISHED_V6_ACTIVE 108 44.1%
+PUBLISHED_V6_ACTIVE 107 44.4%
 PUBLISHED_V6_INSTR_SCAN 11
 PUBLISHED_V6_INSTR_ALL 11
@@ Line 718: / Line 897: @@
 Population  N     classification[].target == 'ip-address'  share
 ----------  ----  ---------------------------------------  -----
-ACTIVE      245   77                                       31.4%
+ACTIVE      241   75                                       31.1%
 SCAN        930   213                                      22.9%
 corpus      5859  295                                      5.0%
-PUBLISHED_IPCLS_ACTIVE 77 31.4%
+PUBLISHED_IPCLS_ACTIVE 75 31.1%
 PUBLISHED_IPCLS_SCAN 213 22.9%
 PUBLISHED_IPCLS_CORPUS 295 5.0%
-distinct raw resourceName strings on ACTIVE ip-address classifications: 116 (free text; folded on design:ip_classification, not here)
+distinct raw resourceName strings on ACTIVE ip-address classifications: 110 (free text; folded on design:ip_classification, not here)
 MaxMind
 MaxMind GeoLite2
 IPinfo
 VirusTotal
+Censys
 MaxMind GeoIP
 regular expressions (custom)
 ipinfo.io
-Censys
 ASdb
-IPinfo Lite
 custom response categorization
 Snacktime (custom implementation)
@@ Line 741: / Line 919: @@
 12 IP reputation blacklists
 MaxMind GeoLiteCity
+WHOIS
 ==============================================================================
 . POSTERS AND SHORT RECORDS
 ==============================================================================
-ACTIVE posters: 4 (1.6%); SCAN posters: 34 (3.7%)
+ACTIVE posters: 4 (1.7%); SCAN posters: 34 (3.7%)
-ACTIVE records of <=4 pages: 6 (2.4%)
+ACTIVE records of <=4 pages: 6 (2.5%)
-vantage location stated: all ACTIVE 55.5%, excluding <=4-page records 56.1%
+vantage location stated: all ACTIVE 55.6%, excluding <=4-page records 56.2%
 PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_POSTERS 4
-PUBLISHED_VANTAGE_FULLONLY 56.1%
+PUBLISHED_VANTAGE_FULLONLY 56.2%
 ==============================================================================
 . MEASURED RESULTS available for the page (detection[].prevalence on ACTIVE)
 ==============================================================================
-ACTIVE papers with at least one detection[].prevalence: 244 (99.6%)
+ACTIVE papers with at least one detection[].prevalence: 240 (99.6%)
-PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_PREVALENCE 244 99.6%
+PUBLISHED_ACTIVE_PREVALENCE 240 99.6%
 ==============================================================================
@@ Line 868: / Line 1047: @@
 .5 / 0.97 = 42.8
       the page's own arithmetic reconciling scan_budget.py's theoretical 1 GbE figure with the ZMap paper's measured 45-minute ceiling
-/ 56 = 3.1
-      the page's own arithmetic: cites-the-norm over named-an-IRB, both from the report
 CIDR entries; 592,708,864 removed (13.8%); 3,702,258,432 in scope
       conf/blocklist.conf at tag v4.4.0, computed by pages/scan_budget.py
@@ Line 926: / Line 1103: @@
 -fold / 2-3
       ratios inside quoted sentences
+==============================================================================
+E. DERIVED ARITHMETIC (recomputed from out/scan/rep.txt, not described)
+==============================================================================
+  OK   cites-the-norm over named-an-IRB: PUBLISHED_GOODPRACTICE=172 / PUBLISHED_IRB=55 = 3.127, page states 3.1
 RESULT: OK
@@ Line 1273: / Line 1455: @@
   'DoE-Hunter': 'dns',
   'DTLS-Fuzzer': 'lab-protocol-test',
-  'DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS)': 'active-scan',
+  // HAND-AUDIT 2026-09-17: was 'active-scan'. USENIX 2026 "Analyzing the WebRTC
+  // Ecosystem...": "an automated MitM testing framework (DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS))
+  // to test the DTLS channel of a DTLS-SRTP connection", "requiring only MitM
+  // capabilities", over 24 named service providers. No address set is enumerated;
+  // the same paper's other instrument, TLS-Attacker, is already lab-protocol-test.
+  'DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS)': 'lab-protocol-test',
   'EAST': 'active-scan',                          // STARTTLS test cases against live MTAs
   'Enemy of the State': 'vuln-scanner',
   'ERIS': 'active-scan',
+  // Two spellings, two papers, two uses — and HAND is keyed by the exact string,
+  // so they can and must differ. USENIX 2016 "Identifying and Characterizing
+  // Sybils in the Tor Network" runs the scan: "We exposed malicious exit relays
+  // using Winter et al.'s exitmap tool".
   'exitmap': 'active-scan',
-  'Exitmap': 'active-scan',
+  // HAND-AUDIT 2026-09-17: was 'active-scan'. WWW 2018 CrimeBB is a forum-scraping
+  // paper; its studyTypes do not include network-scan-or-probe. It uses Exitmap
+  // only for the node list: "We first use Exitmap [45] to get current available
+  // exit nodes, from which we build Tor circuits and fetch the index page of the
+  // forums." Enumerating an overlay's nodes is what p2p-crawler is for.
+  'Exitmap': 'p2p-crawler',
   'FastMDA': 'topology',
   'FingerprinTLS': 'passive',
@@ Line 1310: / Line 1506: @@
   'LACeS': 'topology',
   'LanDscAPe': 'active-scan',
-  'LFP': 'topology',
+  // HAND-AUDIT 2026-09-17: was 'topology'. IMC 2023 "Illuminating Router Vendor
+  // Diversity": LFP is "a novel lightweight, accurate, and more complete remote
+  // vendor fingerprinting methodology and tool", benchmarked as "at least as good
+  // as Nmap while sending orders of magnitude fewer packets". It probes hosts to
+  // learn what they say; it infers no path and resolves no alias. That is a
+  // grabber, and this correction puts the paper INTO ACTIVE.
+  'LFP': 'grabber',
   'LTE PROBE': 'local-link',
   'Lumscan': 'censorship-probe',
@@ Line 1369: / Line 1571: @@
   'Skipfish': 'vuln-scanner',
   'smbmap': 'grabber',
-  'SNMPv3': 'grabber',
+  // HAND-AUDIT 2026-09-17: was 'grabber'. IMC 2025 "Replication: Characterizing
+  // MPLS Tunnels" does not send the SNMPv3 probes; it reads CAIDA's ITDK: "we
+  // mapped each IP address to an inferred router using the MIDAR, iffinder, and
+  // SNMPv3 alias resolution graph included in the March 2025 ITDK". MIDAR and
+  // iffinder, named in that same sentence, are already topology. ('dataset' is
+  // the arguable alternative; the sentence's own company decided it.) This
+  // correction takes the paper OUT of ACTIVE.
+  'SNMPv3': 'topology',
   'Speedtrap': 'topology',
   'Spoki': 'passive',
@@ Line 1385: / Line 1594: @@
   'Tsunami': 'vuln-scanner',
   'Ubertooth One': 'local-link',
-  'Unicorn': 'active-scan',
+  // HAND-AUDIT 2026-09-17: 'Unicorn' was here as 'active-scan'. Its one tuple is
+  // now suppressed in scripts/tool_use_overrides.mjs — IMC 2024 "Have you SYN
+  // me?" never ran it, it fingerprinted its traffic at a telescope — so the name
+  // no longer reaches this map and an entry here would fail the staleness guard.
   'University of Michigan Daily Full IPv4 HTTPS Handshakes': 'dataset',
   'URHunter': 'dns',
@@ Line 1413: / Line 1625: @@
 // words elsewhere in the tool vocabulary. Pass category === null to fold a bare
 // string, which is what the self-test does.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// COMPOUND TUPLE STRINGS. One tools[] entry that names more than one
+// instrument. FAMILIES is ordered and first-match-wins, so a compound string
+// lands in exactly one family and the other instrument silently disappears —
+// which is how this page and design:dns came to disagree by one paper about
+// the size of the ZMap family (the two folds test ZGrab and ZMap in opposite
+// order, so the same string went to different families). Each key is
+// hand-read against the paper's own evidence quote. The sweep in
+// scripts/reconcile_zmap.mjs fails if any NEW compound name appears whose
+// parts fold to a family the whole string does not.
+// Key is the lower-cased, trimmed tools[] name; value is the component names,
+// each folded through the normal path.
+export const COMPOUND_SPLIT = new Map([
+  // CCS 2016 "A Surfeit of SSH Cipher Suites". evidence.quote: "We ran two
+  // IPv4-address-space-wide scans for SSH servers using ZGrab/ZMap [13]." —
+  // matched verbatim in data/fulltext/2016/CCS/a-surfeit-of-ssh-cipher-suites/
+  // paper.cols.txt on 2026-09-17. Both instruments were used.
+  ['zgrab/zmap', ['ZGrab', 'ZMap']],
+]);
+// Every verdict a tools[] name yields, compound names included. Deduplicated
+// by family, because a paper naming one instrument twice is still one paper.
+export function kindsOfName(raw, category = null) {
+  const k = String(raw).trim().toLowerCase();
+  const parts = COMPOUND_SPLIT.has(k) ? COMPOUND_SPLIT.get(k) : [raw];
+  const seen = new Map();
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    const v = kindOfName(part, category);
+    if (v && !seen.has(v.family)) seen.set(v.family, v);
+  }
+  return [...seen.values()];
+}
 export function kindOfName(raw, category = null) {
   const fam = foldScannerName(raw);
@@ Line 1545: / Line 1790: @@
 // before the first count. Two denominators, never mixed:
 //   SCAN   930 papers tagged studyTypes 'network-scan-or-probe'
-//   ACTIVE 245 papers naming an active-scan / grabber / reachability /
+//   ACTIVE 242 papers naming an active-scan / grabber / reachability /
 //          censorship-probe / IPv6-targeting instrument they used or produced
+//          (245 before the 2026-09-17 hand audit of the HAND verdicts and the
+//          tuple suppression in tool_use_overrides.mjs)
 //
 // Flags: --wiki (DokuWiki tables)  --list <kind>  --quotes <regex>  --hits <regex>
@@ Line 1556: / Line 1803: @@
 import path from 'node:path';
 import { loadExtractions, pct, table, wikiTable, isSentinel, dataRoot, YEAR_BUCKETS } from './lib.mjs';
-import { kindOfName, MEMBERSHIP_KINDS, HAND, KIND_OF, ROUTED_TO, GENERIC_FAMILIES } from './scan_fold.mjs';
+import { kindsOfName, MEMBERSHIP_KINDS, HAND, KIND_OF, ROUTED_TO, GENERIC_FAMILIES } from './scan_fold.mjs';
+import { notRun, NOT_RUN, checkNotRun } from './tool_use_overrides.mjs';
 const argv = process.argv.slice(2);
@@ Line 1578: / Line 1826: @@
 if (rows.length !== 5859) fail(`corpus ${rows.length} != 5859`);
+// A NOT_RUN entry that matches nothing is a lie about what was read.
+for (const m of checkNotRun(rows)) fail(m);
 const SCAN = rows.filter((p) => p.studyTypes.includes('network-scan-or-probe'));
@@ Line 1588: / Line 1839: @@
   for (const tool of p.tools) {
     if (!DROVE.has(tool.usedOrMentioned)) continue;
-    const v = kindOfName(tool.name, tool.category);
+    if (notRun(p, tool.name)) continue;
-    if (!v) continue;
+    for (const v of kindsOfName(tool.name, tool.category)) {
-    if (!seen.has(v.family)) seen.set(v.family, { ...v, names: new Set(), versions: new Set(), cats: new Set() });
+      if (!seen.has(v.family)) seen.set(v.family, { ...v, names: new Set(), versions: new Set(), cats: new Set() });
-    const e = seen.get(v.family);
+      const e = seen.get(v.family);
-    e.names.add(String(tool.name).trim());
+      e.names.add(String(tool.name).trim());
-    e.cats.add(tool.category);
+      e.cats.add(tool.category);
-    if (!isSentinel(tool.version)) e.versions.add(String(tool.version));
+      if (!isSentinel(tool.version)) e.versions.add(String(tool.version));
+    }
   }
   return [...seen.values()];
@@ Line 1653: / Line 1905: @@
   'USENIX/2014/an-internet-wide-view-of-internet-wide-scanning': 'own', // "only 208 organizations have requested that we exclude their networks from our scans" — 208, checked against paper.pdf with pypdf; a first read of a narrow context window misread it as 908
   'USENIX/2018/quack-scalable-remote-measurement-of-application-layer-censorship': 'own', // "respecting an IP blacklist shared with other scanning research"
-  'USENIX/2022/spoki-unveiling-a-new-wave-of-scanners-through-a-reactive-network-telescope': 'other', // analysis-time exclusion of known scan projects
+  // DROPPED 2026-09-17, was 'other' ("analysis-time exclusion of known scan
+  // projects"). The reading still stands, but the paper left ACTIVE when its
+  // only membership tuple — a ZMap run over a closed veth loop — was
+  // suppressed (see scripts/tool_use_overrides.mjs), so it is no longer a hit
+  // and the pinned-sample guard rejected it. The sample is 11, not 12.
 };
 const OPT_VERDICT = {
@@ Line 1711: / Line 1967: @@
     for (const tool of p.tools) {
       if (!DROVE.has(tool.usedOrMentioned) || tool.category !== 'network-scanner') continue;
+      if (notRun(p, tool.name)) continue;
       tuples += 1;
-      const v = kindOfName(tool.name, tool.category);
+      const vs = kindsOfName(tool.name, tool.category);
-      if (!v) { un.set(String(tool.name).trim(), (un.get(String(tool.name).trim()) || 0) + 1); continue; }
+      if (!vs.length) { un.set(String(tool.name).trim(), (un.get(String(tool.name).trim()) || 0) + 1); continue; }
-      if (v.via === 'hand') usedHand.add(String(tool.name).trim()); else usedFam.add(v.family);
+      for (const v of vs) {
+        if (v.via === 'hand') usedHand.add(String(tool.name).trim()); else usedFam.add(v.family);
+      }
     }
   }
@@ Line 1752: / Line 2011: @@
     p.tools.some((tool) => {
       if (!DROVE.has(tool.usedOrMentioned) || tool.category !== 'network-scanner') return false;
-      const v = kindOfName(tool.name, tool.category);
+      if (notRun(p, tool.name)) return false;
-      return v && MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(v.kind);
+      return kindsOfName(tool.name, tool.category).some((v) => MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(v.kind));
     })
   );
   const namesNS = SCAN.filter((p) =>
-    p.tools.some((tool) => DROVE.has(tool.usedOrMentioned) && tool.category === 'network-scanner')
+    p.tools.some((tool) => DROVE.has(tool.usedOrMentioned) && tool.category === 'network-scanner'
+      && !notRun(p, tool.name))
   );
   t(['Population', 'Papers', 'Share'], [
@@ Line 1938: / Line 2198: @@
     'temporal span start': (p) => p.temporal.some((x) => !isSentinel(x.spanStart)),
   };
-  t(['Field', 'ACTIVE (245)', 'share', 'SCAN (930)', 'share'], Object.entries(stated).map(([label, f]) => {
+  t(['Field', `ACTIVE (${ACTIVE.length})`, 'share', `SCAN (${SCAN.length})`, 'share'], Object.entries(stated).map(([label, f]) => {
     const a = ACTIVE.filter(f).length;
     const s = SCAN.filter(f).length;
@@ Line 1989: / Line 2249: @@
 }
-h('8. HAND-READ PRECISION — deterministic every-k-th sample of each first-person hit list');
+h('8. HAND-READ PRECISION — a PINNED sample of each first-person hit list');
 {
-  const sample = (re, n) => {
+  // The sample used to be recomputed as every-k-th of the sorted hit list. That
-    const hits = probe(ACTIVE, re).hits.slice().sort((a, b) => key(a).localeCompare(key(b)));
+  // made the sample a function of ACTIVE: the 2026-09-17 hand audit moved ACTIVE
-    const step = Math.max(1, Math.floor(hits.length / n));
+  // by three papers and the stride reshuffled all four samples, failing 46 of
-    return { hits, sample: hits.filter((_, i) => i % step === 0).slice(0, n) };
+  // these checks on papers that were still perfectly good hits — the read was
-  };
+  // invalidated by arithmetic rather than by evidence. The sample is now the
+  // verdict map itself: a frozen list of papers, each with the sentence that
+  // decided it. The guards below are what keeps that honest.
   const CHECKS = [
-    ['own probe rate', PROBE.rateTight, RATE_VERDICT, 12],
+    ['own probe rate', PROBE.rateTight, RATE_VERDICT, 84],
-    ['own blocklist / exclusion', PROBE.blockTight, BLOCK_VERDICT, 12],
+    ['own blocklist / exclusion', PROBE.blockTight, BLOCK_VERDICT, 90],
-    ['own opt-out offer', PROBE.optTight, OPT_VERDICT, 10],
+    ['own opt-out offer', PROBE.optTight, OPT_VERDICT, 69],
-    ['own source-address hygiene', PROBE.srcTight, SRC_VERDICT, 10],
+    ['own source-address hygiene', PROBE.srcTight, SRC_VERDICT, 114],
   ];
   const summary = [];
-  for (const [label, re, verdicts, n] of CHECKS) {
+  for (const [label, re, verdicts, drawnFrom] of CHECKS) {
-    const { hits, sample: sm } = sample(re, n);
+    const hits = probe(ACTIVE, re).hits.slice().sort((a, b) => key(a).localeCompare(key(b)));
+    const hitKeys = new Set(hits.map(key));
+    const sampleKeys = Object.keys(verdicts).sort();
     say('');
-    say(`--- ${label}: ${hits.length} first-person hits of ${ACTIVE.length} ACTIVE; sample of ${sm.length}`);
+    say(`--- ${label}: ${hits.length} first-person hits of ${ACTIVE.length} ACTIVE; pinned sample of ${sampleKeys.length}`);
-    // Both directions: every sampled paper must have a verdict, and every
+    say(`    sample drawn on 2026-09-10 as every-k-th of a hit list that was then ${drawnFrom} long`);
-    // verdict must belong to a paper the sample still returns.
+    // GUARD 1. Every pinned paper must still be a hit. If it is not, either the
-    const sampleKeys = new Set(sm.map(key));
+    // probe changed or the paper left ACTIVE, and the verdict is about a paper
-    for (const p of sm) {
+    // this figure no longer counts.
-      const v = verdicts[key(p)];
+    for (const k of sampleKeys) {
-      say(`    ${(v ?? 'UNREAD').padEnd(6)} ${key(p)}`);
+      const inHits = hitKeys.has(k);
-      if (!v) fail(`${label}: sampled paper has no hand verdict: ${key(p)}`);
+      say(`    ${verdicts[k].padEnd(6)} ${inHits ? ' ' : '!'} ${k}`);
-    }
+      if (!inHits) fail(`${label}: pinned sample paper is no longer a hit: ${k} — re-read it or drop it with a reason`);
-    for (const k of Object.keys(verdicts)) {
-      if (!sampleKeys.has(k)) fail(`${label}: hand verdict for a paper the sample no longer returns: ${k} — the sample moved, re-read it`);
     }
+    // GUARD 2. A frozen sample silently stops being representative as the hit
+    // list grows. Pin the length it was drawn from and fail on real drift.
+    const drift = Math.abs(hits.length - drawnFrom) / drawnFrom;
+    say(`    hit list ${hits.length} now vs ${drawnFrom} at draw time — drift ${(100 * drift).toFixed(1)}%`);
+    if (drift > 0.15) fail(`${label}: hit list moved ${(100 * drift).toFixed(1)}% since the sample was drawn (${drawnFrom} -> ${hits.length}); re-draw and re-read`);
+    // GUARD 3. A sample clustered in one corner of the sorted hit list is not a
+    // sample. Report where the pinned papers sit, so clustering is visible.
+    const posns = sampleKeys.filter((k) => hitKeys.has(k)).map((k) => hits.findIndex((p) => key(p) === k));
+    const spread = posns.length > 1 ? Math.max(...posns) - Math.min(...posns) : 0;
+    say(`    sample positions in the sorted hit list: ${posns.join(', ')} (spread ${spread} of ${hits.length})`);
+    if (posns.length > 1 && spread < 0.5 * hits.length) fail(`${label}: pinned sample spans only ${spread} of ${hits.length} sorted hits — it is clustered, not a sample`);
     const own = Object.values(verdicts).filter((v) => v === 'own').length;
-    const tot = Object.keys(verdicts).length;
+    const tot = sampleKeys.length;
     const est = Math.round((hits.length * own) / tot);
     say(`    precision ${own}/${tot}; ${hits.length} x ${own}/${tot} = about ${est} papers (${pct(est, ACTIVE.length)} of ACTIVE)`);
@@ Line 2030: / Line 2303: @@
   say('The point estimate is probe count x sample precision. It is an estimate on a');
   say('sample of 10-12, so read it as "about a fifth" rather than as a percentage.');
+  say('Replacing these four estimates with four numbers needs a per-paper verdict');
+  say('over the whole hit list — about 400 reads. That work is NOT done.');
 }
@@ Line 2047: / Line 2322: @@
   const v6instrAll = rows.filter((p) => instruments(p).some((v) => v.kind === 'ipv6-targeting'));
   t(['Query', 'Population', 'Papers', 'Share'], [
-    ['mentions IPv6 anywhere', 'SCAN 930', v6scan.length, pct(v6scan.length, SCAN.length)],
+    ['mentions IPv6 anywhere', `SCAN ${SCAN.length}`, v6scan.length, pct(v6scan.length, SCAN.length)],
-    ['mentions IPv6 anywhere', 'ACTIVE 245', v6.length, pct(v6.length, ACTIVE.length)],
+    ['mentions IPv6 anywhere', `ACTIVE ${ACTIVE.length}`, v6.length, pct(v6.length, ACTIVE.length)],
     ["names an IPv6-targeting instrument in tools[]", 'SCAN 930', v6instr.length, pct(v6instr.length, SCAN.length)],
     ["names an IPv6-targeting instrument in tools[]", 'corpus 5,859', v6instrAll.length, pct(v6instrAll.length, rows.length)],
@@ Line 2182: / Line 2457: @@
 console.log(out.join('\n'));
 if (fails.length) process.exit(1);
+</file>
+<file javascript reconcile_zmap.mjs>
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Why design:dns said "ZMap and XMap (112 papers)" while
+// programming:internet_scanning said "ZMap 95" + "XMap 16", and what closed it.
+//
+// The two pages count the same thing over the same corpus:
+//
+//   design:dns                    dns_fold.mjs family 'ZMap / XMap', one family
+//                                 for both scanners, counted corpus-wide in the
+//                                 scanner-generic block of report_dns.mjs §E
+//                                 ("reported only, NOT in the population rule").
+//   programming:internet_scanning scan_fold.mjs families 'ZMap' and 'XMap',
+//                                 kept apart. Both kinds are 'active-scan',
+//                                 which is a MEMBERSHIP_KIND, so every paper
+//                                 naming either is in ACTIVE by construction
+//                                 and the two counts are ALSO corpus-wide. Only
+//                                 only the percentage column on that page uses
+//                                 ACTIVE as a denominator; this script prints none.
+//
+// So the populations are identical and the 1-paper gap was never a population
+// difference. It was also not an overlap artefact: no paper names both ZMap and
+// XMap. It was ONE compound tools[] string, "ZGrab/ZMap", resolved differently
+// by two ordered first-match-wins folds (this fold tests ZGrab before ZMap;
+// dns_fold tests ZMap/XMap before ZGrab).
+//
+// Sections:
+//   1  the two sides as published before 2026-09-17 (single-valued folds)
+//   2  the compound-name sweep: every used/produced tools[] name containing a
+//      separator whose PARTS fold to a family the WHOLE string does not
+//   3  the two sides after COMPOUND_SPLIT, which must now agree exactly
+//
+// Exit 1 if an identity fails or if a compound name appears that is not in
+// COMPOUND_SPLIT. A new compound name is a FAILURE, not a drop.
+//
+// Usage: node scripts/reconcile_zmap.mjs [--names]
+import { loadExtractions, isSentinel } from './lib.mjs';
+import { foldDnsTool, foldDnsToolAll, COMPOUND_SPLIT as DNS_COMPOUND } from './dns_fold.mjs';
+import { kindOfName, kindsOfName, COMPOUND_SPLIT as SCAN_COMPOUND } from './scan_fold.mjs';
+import { notRun } from './tool_use_overrides.mjs';
+const SHOW_NAMES = process.argv.includes('--names');
+const rows = loadExtractions();
+const key = (p) => `${p.venue}/${p.year}/${p.slug}`;
+const out = [];
+const say = (s = '') => out.push(s);
+const fails = [];
+const fail = (m) => { fails.push(m); say(`FAILURE: ${m}`); };
+const h = (s) => { say(''); say('='.repeat(78)); say(s); say('='.repeat(78)); };
+if (rows.length !== 5859) fail(`corpus ${rows.length} != 5859`);
+// Both report scripts use the same tuple filter: used or produced, non-sentinel.
+const DROVE = new Set(['used', 'produced']);
+// Section 1 reproduces the state the two pages were published in, so it uses
+// the raw tuples. Everything after it applies the 2026-09-17 tuple suppression
+// too: a tool the paper fingerprinted rather than ran is not an instrument on
+// either page (scripts/tool_use_overrides.mjs).
+const tuplesRaw = (p) => p.tools.filter((t) => DROVE.has(t.usedOrMentioned) && !isSentinel(t.name));
+const tuples = (p) => tuplesRaw(p).filter((t) => !notRun(p, t.name));
+// Collect one side. `fold` returns a list of labels for a tuple.
+function collect(fold, pick) {
+  const m = new Map(); // label -> Map(paperKey -> [names])
+  for (const p of rows) {
+    const k = key(p);
+    for (const t of pick(p)) {
+      for (const label of fold(t)) {
+        if (!m.has(label)) m.set(label, new Map());
+        const inner = m.get(label);
+        if (!inner.has(k)) inner.set(k, []);
+        inner.get(k).push(t.name);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return m;
+}
+const emptyMap = new Map();
+const papersOf = (m, label) => new Set((m.has(label) ? m.get(label) : emptyMap).keys());
+// --- 1. as published before the fix -----------------------------------------
+const oldDns = collect((t) => { const f = foldDnsTool(t.name, t.category, t.purpose); return f ? [f.label] : []; }, tuplesRaw);
+const oldScan = collect((t) => { const v = kindOfName(t.name, t.category); return v ? [v.family] : []; }, tuplesRaw);
+const oD = papersOf(oldDns, 'ZMap / XMap');
+const oZ = papersOf(oldScan, 'ZMap');
+const oX = papersOf(oldScan, 'XMap');
+const oS = new Set([...oZ, ...oX]);
+const oBoth = [...oZ].filter((k) => oX.has(k));
+const oInter = new Set([...oD].filter((k) => oS.has(k)));
+const oDOnly = [...oD].filter((k) => !oS.has(k)).sort();
+const oSOnly = [...oS].filter((k) => !oD.has(k)).sort();
+h('1. THE TWO SIDES AS PUBLISHED (single-valued folds, before 2026-09-17)');
+say('');
+say(`corpus                                                        ${rows.length}`);
+say(`dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap'            — design:dns said           ${oD.size}`);
+say(`scan_fold 'ZMap'                  — internet_scanning said    ${oZ.size}`);
+say(`scan_fold 'XMap'                  — internet_scanning said    ${oX.size}`);
+say(`  naive sum                                                   ${oZ.size + oX.size}`);
+say(`  papers naming BOTH ZMap and XMap (would be double-counted)  ${oBoth.length}`);
+say(`  scan_fold ZMap U XMap, papers                               ${oS.size}`);
+say('');
+say(`shared by both folds                                          ${oInter.size}`);
+say(`dns_fold only                                                 ${oDOnly.length}`);
+say(`scan_fold only                                                ${oSOnly.length}`);
+say('');
+say('NOT AN OVERLAP ARTEFACT: the double-count the review suspected is zero.');
+if (oBoth.length !== 0) fail(`${oBoth.length} papers name both ZMap and XMap — the overlap story is back`);
+say('');
+say('The whole gap, paper by paper, with the deciding tools[] string:');
+for (const k of oDOnly) {
+  const p = rows.find((r) => key(r) === k);
+  say(`  dns_fold ONLY  ${k}`);
+  for (const n of oldDns.get('ZMap / XMap').get(k)) {
+    const t = tuplesRaw(p).find((tt) => tt.name === n);
+    const v = kindOfName(n, t.category);
+    say(`      ${JSON.stringify(n)} [cat=${t.category}]  scan_fold -> ${v ? v.family + ' / ' + v.kind : 'UNMAPPED'}`);
+    say(`      purpose:  ${t.purpose}`);
+    say(`      evidence: ${t.evidence ? t.evidence.quote : '(none)'}`);
+  }
+}
+for (const k of oSOnly) {
+  const p = rows.find((r) => key(r) === k);
+  say(`  scan_fold ONLY ${k}`);
+  const names = [...(oZ.has(k) ? oldScan.get('ZMap').get(k) : []), ...(oX.has(k) ? oldScan.get('XMap').get(k) : [])];
+  for (const n of names) {
+    const t = tuplesRaw(p).find((tt) => tt.name === n);
+    const f = foldDnsTool(n, t.category, t.purpose);
+    say(`      ${JSON.stringify(n)} [cat=${t.category}]  dns_fold -> ${f ? f.kind + ' / ' + f.label : 'UNMAPPED'}`);
+  }
+}
+if (oInter.size + oDOnly.length !== oD.size) fail('dns side does not decompose');
+if (oInter.size + oSOnly.length !== oS.size) fail('scan side does not decompose');
+// --- 2. the compound-name sweep ---------------------------------------------
+// A separator-bearing name whose PARTS fold to a family the WHOLE string does
+// not is a name one of the two folds is silently losing. Wide on purpose: the
+// point is recall, and every hit is printed whether or not it is acknowledged.
+h('2. COMPOUND-NAME SWEEP (recall check over every used/produced tools[] name)');
+const SEP = /\s*(?:\/|\s\+\s|\sand\s|\s&\s|\s?,\s)\s*/;
+const compounds = new Map();
+let sepNames = 0;
+for (const p of rows) {
+  for (const t of tuples(p)) {
+    const n = String(t.name).trim();
+    if (!SEP.test(n)) continue;
+    sepNames += 1;
+    const parts = n.split(SEP).filter(Boolean);
+    if (parts.length < 2) continue;
+    const wS = kindOfName(n, t.category);
+    const wD = foldDnsTool(n, t.category, t.purpose);
+    const extraS = new Set();
+    const extraD = new Set();
+    for (const part of parts) {
+      const vs = kindOfName(part, t.category);
+      if (vs && (!wS || vs.family !== wS.family)) extraS.add(`${vs.family}/${vs.kind}`);
+      const vd = foldDnsTool(part, t.category, t.purpose);
+      if (vd && (!wD || vd.label !== wD.label)) extraD.add(`${vd.label}/${vd.kind}`);
+    }
+    if (!extraS.size && !extraD.size) continue;
+    const kk = `${n}|${t.category}`;
+    if (!compounds.has(kk)) {
+      compounds.set(kk, {
+        n, cat: t.category, papers: new Set(),
+        wS: wS ? wS.family : null, wD: wD ? wD.label : null,
+        extraS: [...extraS], extraD: [...extraD],
+      });
+    }
+    compounds.get(kk).papers.add(key(p));
+  }
+}
+say('');
+say(`used/produced tools[] names containing a separator:   ${sepNames} tuples`);
+say(`…of those, names a fold loses part of:                ${compounds.size} distinct (name, category) pairs`);
+say('');
+const ACK = new Set([...DNS_COMPOUND.keys(), ...SCAN_COMPOUND.keys()]);
+for (const v of [...compounds.values()].sort((a, b) => b.papers.size - a.papers.size)) {
+  const ack = ACK.has(v.n.toLowerCase());
+  say(`  ${ack ? 'SPLIT  ' : 'RESIDUE'}  ${v.papers.size} paper(s)  ${JSON.stringify(v.n)} [cat=${v.cat}]`);
+  say(`             scan_fold whole=${v.wS}  parts add ${JSON.stringify(v.extraS)}`);
+  say(`             dns_fold  whole=${v.wD}  parts add ${JSON.stringify(v.extraD)}`);
+  for (const pk of [...v.papers].sort()) say(`             ${pk}`);
+}
+say('');
+say('RESIDUE rows are names where a fold loses a part and no hand verdict says');
+say('that is correct. They are left unsplit ON PURPOSE only when the lost part');
+say('changes no published figure; the judgement is on provenance:programming:');
+say('internet_scanning. A row whose lost part is a MEMBERSHIP kind (scan page)');
+say('or a DNS_KIND (dns page) is a real defect and fails this script.');
+{
+  const MEMBER = new Set(['active-scan', 'grabber', 'reachability', 'censorship-probe', 'ipv6-targeting']);
+  const DNSK = new Set(['query-tool', 'resolver-software', 'public-resolver', 'passive-dns',
+    'dnssec-tool', 'open-resolver-census', 'custom']);
+  for (const v of compounds.values()) {
+    if (ACK.has(v.n.toLowerCase())) continue;
+    for (const e of v.extraS) if (MEMBER.has(e.split('/')[1])) fail(`unsplit compound ${JSON.stringify(v.n)} loses membership kind ${e} on the scanning page`);
+    for (const e of v.extraD) if (DNSK.has(e.split('/')[1])) fail(`unsplit compound ${JSON.stringify(v.n)} loses DNS kind ${e} on design:dns`);
+  }
+}
+// --- 3. after the fix --------------------------------------------------------
+const newDns = collect((t) => foldDnsToolAll(t.name, t.category, t.purpose).map((f) => f.label), tuples);
+const newScan = collect((t) => kindsOfName(t.name, t.category).map((v) => v.family), tuples);
+const nD = papersOf(newDns, 'ZMap / XMap');
+const nZ = papersOf(newScan, 'ZMap');
+const nX = papersOf(newScan, 'XMap');
+const nS = new Set([...nZ, ...nX]);
+const nBoth = [...nZ].filter((k) => nX.has(k));
+const nDG = papersOf(newDns, 'ZGrab');
+const nSG = papersOf(newScan, 'ZGrab');
+h('3. AFTER COMPOUND_SPLIT AND THE TUPLE SUPPRESSION — they must agree exactly');
+say('');
+say(`dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap'                                        ${nD.size}`);
+say(`scan_fold 'ZMap'                                              ${nZ.size}`);
+say(`scan_fold 'XMap'                                              ${nX.size}`);
+say(`  papers naming both                                          ${nBoth.length}`);
+say(`scan_fold ZMap U XMap                                         ${nS.size}`);
+say(`symmetric difference                                          ${[...nD].filter((k) => !nS.has(k)).length + [...nS].filter((k) => !nD.has(k)).length}`);
+say('');
+say(`dns_fold 'ZGrab'                                              ${nDG.size}`);
+say(`scan_fold 'ZGrab'                                             ${nSG.size}`);
+say(`symmetric difference                                          ${[...nDG].filter((k) => !nSG.has(k)).length + [...nSG].filter((k) => !nDG.has(k)).length}`);
+say('');
+say(`PUBLISHED_ZMAP_FAMILY_UNION ${nS.size}`);
+say(`PUBLISHED_ZMAP ${nZ.size}`);
+say(`PUBLISHED_XMAP ${nX.size}`);
+say(`PUBLISHED_ZGRAB ${nSG.size}`);
+if (nD.size !== nS.size) fail(`after the split the two folds still disagree: ${nD.size} vs ${nS.size}`);
+if (nDG.size !== nSG.size) fail(`ZGrab still disagrees: dns ${nDG.size} vs scan ${nSG.size}`);
+if (nZ.size + nX.size - nBoth.length !== nS.size) fail('ZMap+XMap-overlap != union');
+if (SHOW_NAMES) {
+  h('4. EVERY DISTINCT SPELLING ON EACH SIDE, AFTER THE SPLIT');
+  const spell = (m, label) => [...new Set([...(m.has(label) ? m.get(label) : emptyMap).values()].flat())].sort().join(' | ');
+  say('');
+  say(`dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap': ${spell(newDns, 'ZMap / XMap')}`);
+  say(`scan_fold 'ZMap':       ${spell(newScan, 'ZMap')}`);
+  say(`scan_fold 'XMap':       ${spell(newScan, 'XMap')}`);
+  say(`scan_fold 'ZGrab':      ${spell(newScan, 'ZGrab')}`);
+}
+say('');
+say(fails.length ? `FAILURES: ${fails.length}` : 'OK — both folds agree and no unacknowledged compound name loses a counted kind');
+console.log(out.join('\n'));
+process.exit(fails.length ? 1 : 0);
+</file>
+<file text reconcile_zmap-output.txt>
+==============================================================================
+. THE TWO SIDES AS PUBLISHED (single-valued folds, before 2026-09-17)
+==============================================================================
+corpus                                                        5859
+dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap'            — design:dns said           112
+scan_fold 'ZMap'                  — internet_scanning said    95
+scan_fold 'XMap'                  — internet_scanning said    16
+  naive sum                                                   111
+  papers naming BOTH ZMap and XMap (would be double-counted)  0
+  scan_fold ZMap U XMap, papers                               111
+shared by both folds                                          111
+dns_fold only                                                 1
+scan_fold only                                                0
+NOT AN OVERLAP ARTEFACT: the double-count the review suspected is zero.
+The whole gap, paper by paper, with the deciding tools[] string:
+  dns_fold ONLY  CCS/2016/a-surfeit-of-ssh-cipher-suites
+      "ZGrab/ZMap" [cat=network-scanner]  scan_fold -> ZGrab / grabber
+      purpose:  Performed IPv4-wide SSH server scans.
+      evidence: We ran two IPv4-address-space-wide scans for SSH servers using ZGrab/ZMap [13].
+==============================================================================
+. COMPOUND-NAME SWEEP (recall check over every used/produced tools[] name)
+==============================================================================
+used/produced tools[] names containing a separator:   263 tuples
+…of those, names a fold loses part of:                4 distinct (name, category) pairs
+  RESIDUE  1 paper(s)  "HTTP/OneProbe" [cat=network-scanner]
+             scan_fold whole=HTTP/OneProbe  parts add ["OneProbe/topology"]
+             dns_fold  whole=null  parts add []
+             IMC/2010/measurement-of-loss-pairs-in-network-paths
+  RESIDUE  1 paper(s)  "tcpdump/libpcap" [cat=traffic-capture]
+             scan_fold whole=null  parts add ["tshark/tcpdump/passive"]
+             dns_fold  whole=null  parts add []
+             PETS/2015/an-automated-approach-for-complementing-ad-blockers-blacklists
+  SPLIT    1 paper(s)  "ZGrab/ZMap" [cat=network-scanner]
+             scan_fold whole=ZGrab  parts add ["ZMap/active-scan"]
+             dns_fold  whole=ZMap / XMap  parts add ["ZGrab/scanner-generic"]
+             CCS/2016/a-surfeit-of-ssh-cipher-suites
+  RESIDUE  1 paper(s)  "WireShark/tshark" [cat=traffic-capture]
+             scan_fold whole=null  parts add ["tshark/tcpdump/passive"]
+             dns_fold  whole=null  parts add []
+             IMC/2023/in-the-room-where-it-happens-characterizing-local-communication-and-threats-in-s
+RESIDUE rows are names where a fold loses a part and no hand verdict says
+that is correct. They are left unsplit ON PURPOSE only when the lost part
+changes no published figure; the judgement is on provenance:programming:
+internet_scanning. A row whose lost part is a MEMBERSHIP kind (scan page)
+or a DNS_KIND (dns page) is a real defect and fails this script.
+==============================================================================
+. AFTER COMPOUND_SPLIT AND THE TUPLE SUPPRESSION — they must agree exactly
+==============================================================================
+dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap'                                        110
+scan_fold 'ZMap'                                              94
+scan_fold 'XMap'                                              16
+  papers naming both                                          0
+scan_fold ZMap U XMap                                         110
+symmetric difference                                          0
+dns_fold 'ZGrab'                                              32
+scan_fold 'ZGrab'                                             32
+symmetric difference                                          0
+PUBLISHED_ZMAP_FAMILY_UNION 110
+PUBLISHED_ZMAP 94
+PUBLISHED_XMAP 16
+PUBLISHED_ZGRAB 32
+==============================================================================
+. EVERY DISTINCT SPELLING ON EACH SIDE, AFTER THE SPLIT
+==============================================================================
+dns_fold 'ZMap / XMap': TCP Options module for ZMap | XMAP | XMap | Xmap (extended) | ZGrab/ZMap | ZMap | ZMap-based script | ZMap6 | ZMapv6 | Zmap | zmap | zmap2 | zmap6
+scan_fold 'ZMap':       TCP Options module for ZMap | ZGrab/ZMap | ZMap | ZMap-based script | ZMap6 | ZMapv6 | Zmap | zmap | zmap2 | zmap6
+scan_fold 'XMap':       XMAP | XMap | Xmap (extended)
+scan_fold 'ZGrab':      ZGrab | ZGrab 2.0 | ZGrab/ZMap | ZGrab2 | Zgrab2 | zgrab | zgrab2
+OK — both folds agree and no unacknowledged compound name loses a counted kind
+</file>
+<file javascript tool_use_overrides.mjs>
+// Tuple-level corrections to the extraction's `usedOrMentioned` field, shared
+// by report_internet_scanning.mjs and report_dns.mjs.
+//
+// WHY THIS FILE EXISTS. The extraction records a tools[] entry as 'used' when
+// the paper's own sentence names the tool in the first person. That reading is
+// wrong for one paper shape: a study of *other people's* scanning, where the
+// scanner name appears because the authors FINGERPRINTED its traffic, not
+// because they ran it. A name fold cannot see the difference — the string is
+// "ZMap" either way — so the correction has to be per (paper, tool) and
+// hand-read. Found on 2026-09-17 while hand-auditing scan_fold.mjs's HAND
+// verdicts; the recall probe that bounded it is in the provenance page.
+//
+// THE RULE APPLIED, written before the entries below:
+//   (a) suppress when the paper DID NOT RUN the tool — it fingerprinted it, or
+//       read someone else's output; and
+//   (b) suppress when the packets NEVER LEFT THE HOST onto the public Internet:
+//       a closed local loop or a synthetic load generator.
+//   Do NOT suppress when the paper ran the tool and the packets did cross the
+//   Internet, even if they were aimed somewhere unusual — its own honeypot, its
+//   own hosts, a cloud VM it controls. "The target was ours" is a different
+//   claim from "no packet was sent", and relitigating the former per paper has
+//   no stopping rule.
+//
+//   Clause (b) was NOT in the rule when the first entries were written. It was
+//   added on 2026-09-17 after a review pass read USENIX 2022 Spoki and found a
+//   ZMap run that clause (a) alone would have kept. Recording that here rather
+//   than back-dating the rule: the rule was incomplete, and one published
+//   figure was wrong by one paper because of it.
+//
+// Key is `venue/year/slug|toolName`, exactly as the extraction spells both.
+export const NOT_RUN = new Map([
+  // IMC 2024, "Have you SYN me? Characterizing Ten Years of Internet
+  // Scanning" — a pure network-telescope study of three /16s. All four scanner
+  // names are fingerprint references. The extraction's purpose fields say so
+  // themselves ("Fingerprint ZMap-generated scanning traffic"), and the paper
+  // says of one of them: "we find no evidence of Unicorn being used for
+  // Internet-wide scanning and instead record in total only 2 distinct IP
+  // addresses ever using the Unicorn scanning tool."
+  ['IMC/2024/have-you-syn-me-characterizing-ten-years-of-internet-scanning|ZMap',
+    'telescope fingerprint reference, not a scan the authors ran'],
+  ['IMC/2024/have-you-syn-me-characterizing-ten-years-of-internet-scanning|NMap',
+    'telescope fingerprint reference, not a scan the authors ran'],
+  ['IMC/2024/have-you-syn-me-characterizing-ten-years-of-internet-scanning|Masscan',
+    'telescope fingerprint reference, not a scan the authors ran'],
+  ['IMC/2024/have-you-syn-me-characterizing-ten-years-of-internet-scanning|Unicorn',
+    'telescope fingerprint reference, not a scan the authors ran'],
+  // USENIX 2022, "Spoki: Unveiling a New Wave of Scanners through a Reactive
+  // Network Telescope". Clause (b). The authors DID run ZMap, but only as a
+  // packet generator inside their own machine: "A local pair of virtual
+  // Ethernet interfaces route packets between the packet source and Spoki. We
+  // use ZMap to generate TCP SYN packets, passing the MAC address of the
+  // destination interface along with a probing rate and a range of IP
+  // addresses to use as a source." The address range is a synthetic SOURCE
+  // prefix for load generation; nothing is probed. Verified in
+  // data/fulltext/2022/USENIX/spoki-.../paper.cols.txt on 2026-09-17.
+  // This tuple was Spoki's only route into ACTIVE, so the paper leaves it.
+  ['USENIX/2022/spoki-unveiling-a-new-wave-of-scanners-through-a-reactive-network-telescope|ZMap',
+    'closed veth loop on one host for a throughput benchmark; no packet reaches the Internet'],
+]);
+// The canonical key. Each report script spells its own paper key differently
+// (report_dns.mjs uses year/venue/slug, report_internet_scanning.mjs uses
+// venue/year/slug), so notRun() takes the extraction RECORD, not a key string —
+// passing the wrong spelling would silently match nothing.
+export const paperKey = (p) => `${p.venue}/${p.year}/${p.slug}`;
+// True if this (paper, tool) tuple must not count as a used/produced instrument.
+export function notRun(p, toolName) {
+  return NOT_RUN.has(`${paperKey(p)}|${String(toolName).trim()}`);
+}
+// Self-check: every NOT_RUN key must name a paper and a tool tuple that exist,
+// or the entry is a lie about what was read. Call it from a report script.
+export function checkNotRun(rows) {
+  const fails = [];
+  for (const k of NOT_RUN.keys()) {
+    const [pk, tool] = k.split('|');
+    const p = rows.find((r) => paperKey(r) === pk);
+    if (!p) { fails.push(`NOT_RUN key names no paper: ${pk}`); continue; }
+    if (!p.tools.some((t) => String(t.name).trim() === tool)) fails.push(`NOT_RUN key names no tools[] entry: ${k}`);
+  }
+  return fails;
+}
+</file>
+<file javascript audit_hand_verdicts.mjs>
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// Dump every HAND verdict in scripts/scan_fold.mjs with the evidence a reader
+// needs to judge it: the tools[] purpose the verdict was supposedly read off,
+// the extractor's evidence quote, the tool category, and the paper's own title.
+//
+// scan_fold.mjs's HAND map is 174 hand verdicts over category='network-scanner'
+// names the FAMILIES list does not fold. The report's coverage and staleness
+// guards prove every name has a verdict and every verdict matches a name; they
+// prove nothing about whether the KIND is right. A wrong kind on a one-off
+// scanner name moves ACTIVE by one paper and nothing fires.
+//
+// Usage: node scripts/audit_hand_verdicts.mjs [--membership-only] [--tsv]
+import { loadExtractions, isSentinel } from './lib.mjs';
+import { HAND, MEMBERSHIP_KINDS } from './scan_fold.mjs';
+const MEMBER_ONLY = process.argv.includes('--membership-only');
+const TSV = process.argv.includes('--tsv');
+const rows = loadExtractions();
+const DROVE = new Set(['used', 'produced']);
+const key = (p) => `${p.venue}/${p.year}/${p.slug}`;
+// name -> list of occurrences
+const occ = new Map();
+for (const p of rows) {
+  for (const t of p.tools) {
+    if (!DROVE.has(t.usedOrMentioned) || t.category !== 'network-scanner') continue;
+    const n = String(t.name).trim();
+    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(HAND, n)) continue;
+    if (!occ.has(n)) occ.set(n, []);
+    occ.get(n).push({
+      paper: key(p), title: p.title, uom: t.usedOrMentioned,
+      purpose: isSentinel(t.purpose) ? '(sentinel)' : t.purpose,
+      quote: t.evidence ? t.evidence.quote : '(no evidence quote)',
+      section: t.evidence ? t.evidence.section : '',
+    });
+  }
+}
+const names = Object.keys(HAND).sort((a, b) => a.toLowerCase().localeCompare(b.toLowerCase()));
+const shown = names.filter((n) => !MEMBER_ONLY || MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(HAND[n]));
+if (TSV) {
+  console.log(['name', 'verdict', 'membership', 'paper', 'title', 'purpose', 'quote'].join('\t'));
+  for (const n of shown) {
+    for (const o of occ.get(n)) {
+      console.log([n, HAND[n], MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(HAND[n]) ? 'IN-ACTIVE' : 'out',
+        o.paper, o.title, o.purpose, String(o.quote).replace(/\s+/g, ' ')].join('\t'));
+    }
+  }
+  process.exit(0);
+}
+console.log(`HAND verdicts: ${names.length}; shown: ${shown.length}${MEMBER_ONLY ? ' (membership kinds only)' : ''}`);
+console.log(`of the ${names.length}, ${names.filter((n) => MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(HAND[n])).length} put their paper in ACTIVE`);
+console.log('');
+for (const n of shown) {
+  const list = occ.get(n);
+  console.log(`### ${JSON.stringify(n)}  ->  ${HAND[n]}${MEMBERSHIP_KINDS.has(HAND[n]) ? '   [IN ACTIVE]' : ''}`);
+  for (const o of list) {
+    console.log(`    paper   ${o.paper}`);
+    console.log(`    title   ${o.title}`);
+    console.log(`    purpose ${o.purpose}`);
+    console.log(`    quote   ${String(o.quote).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').slice(0, 400)}`);
+  }
+  console.log('');
+}
+</file>
+<file text audit_hand_verdicts-output.txt>
+HAND verdicts: 173; shown: 173
+of the 173, 35 put their paper in ACTIVE
+### "0trace"  ->  topology
+    paper   USENIX/2024/calculatency-leveraging-cross-layer-network-latency-measurements-to-detect-proxy
+    title   CalcuLatency: Leveraging Cross-Layer Network Latency Measurements to Detect Proxy-Enabled Abuse
+    purpose Measures RTT using probes piggybacked on established TCP connections.
+    quote   We developed a Go package that implements 0trace.
+### "5GSniffer"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2023/from-5g-sniffing-to-harvesting-leakages-of-privacy-preserving-messengers
+    title   From 5G Sniffing to Harvesting Leakages of Privacy-Preserving Messengers.
+    purpose Decode live 5G control channels and recover RNTI scheduling
+    quote   We introduce our tool 5GSniffer, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the first open-source implementation of a promiscuous 5G control channel sniffer
+### "active DNS crawler"  ->  dns
+    paper   IMC/2015/from-academy-to-zone-an-analysis-of-the-new-tld-land-rush
+    title   From .academy to .zone: An Analysis of the New TLD Land Rush.
+    purpose Followed DNS chains and collected A, AAAA, CNAME, and NS records
+    quote   Every time we Web crawl a domain, we also perform a DNS query using a DNS crawler developed for [15].
+### "active scanning tool"  ->  dns
+    paper   USENIX/2022/a-large-scale-and-longitudinal-measurement-study-of-dkim-deployment
+    title   A Large-scale and Longitudinal Measurement Study of DKIM Deployment
+    purpose Query DKIM, SPF, and DMARC records.
+    quote   We select the top 40 selectors to actively scan the Alexa top 1 million domains.
+### "active-geolocator"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2018/how-to-catch-when-proxies-lie-verifying-the-physical-locations-of-network-proxie
+    title   How to Catch when Proxies Lie: Verifying the Physical Locations of Network Proxies with Active Geolocation.
+    purpose Reimplemented and ran active-geolocation algorithms.
+    quote   We reimplemented four active geolocation algorithms from earlier papers: CBG [20], Octant [45], Spotter [30], and an Octant/Spotter hybrid of our own invention.
+### "AdaptOver"  ->  local-link
+    paper   USENIX/2022/ltrack-stealthy-tracking-of-mobile-phones-in-lte
+    title   LTrack: Stealthy Tracking of Mobile Phones in LTE
+    purpose Perform stealthy LTE message overshadowing
+    quote   For message overshadowing, we use AdaptOver [13], a recently proposed LTE overshadowing attack.
+### "Airmon-ng"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2019/drones-cryptanalysis-smashing-cryptography-with-a-flicker
+    title   Drones' Cryptanalysis - Smashing Cryptography with a Flicker.
+    purpose Enabled Wi-Fi receiver monitor mode.
+    quote   We enabled "monitor mode" on the Wi-Fi receiver (used by the interceptor) using Airmon-ng [58].
+### "Ally"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2016/bdrmap-inference-of-borders-between-ip-networks
+    title   bdrmap: Inference of Borders Between IP Networks.
+    purpose Resolved IP aliases using IP-ID measurements.
+    quote   bdrmap ... probes candidate pairs of IP addresses using alias resolution methods Ally and Mercator.
+    paper   IMC/2019/learning-regexes-to-extract-router-names-from-hostnames
+    title   Learning Regexes to Extract Router Names from Hostnames.
+    purpose Performed follow-up ICMP, UDP, and TCP alias probing.
+    quote   we used Ally [27] with ICMP, UDP, and TCP probes, and Mercator [8].
+### "amass"  ->  name-enumeration
+    paper   USENIX/2021/can-i-take-your-subdomain-exploring-same-site-attacks-in-the-modern-web
+    title   Can I Take Your Subdomain? Exploring Same-Site Attacks in the Modern Web
+    purpose Enumerated subdomains using public sources and DNS techniques.
+    quote   The enumeration phase was based on amass [41], a state of the art information gathering tool backed by the OWASP project.
+### "AmpMap"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2021/accurately-measuring-global-risk-of-amplification-attacks-using-ampmap
+    title   Accurately Measuring Global Risk of Amplification Attacks using AmpMap
+    purpose Discover amplification-inducing query patterns
+    quote   We implemented AmpMap, validated our parameter settings in lab settings, and ran real-world measurements.
+### "Anaximander"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2025/autonomous-systems-under-arest-advanced-revelation-of-segment-routing-tunnels
+    title   Autonomous Systems under AReST: Advanced Revelation of Segment Routing Tunnels.
+    purpose Generate ordered target IP lists for each targeted AS.
+    quote   Then, for each AS, we built a list of target IP addresses, using Anaximander, an AS mapping framework.
+### "Aquantone"  ->  name-enumeration
+    paper   IMC/2018/dissecting-apples-meta-cdn-during-an-ios-update
+    title   Dissecting Apple's Meta-CDN during an iOS Update.
+    purpose Enumerating Apple CDN DNS names
+    quote   By scanning Apple's IP range (17.0.0.0/8) for the availability of iOS image downloads and by enumerating the DNS names using the Aquantone tool [21], we reconstructed the Apple's naming scheme
+### "Arachni"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "arpscan"  ->  local-link
+    paper   CCS/2025/exploring-and-analyzing-cross-layer-dos-attack-against-udp-based-services-on-lin
+    title   Exploring and Analyzing Cross Layer DoS Attack Against UDP-based Services on Linux.
+    purpose Probe IPv4 address-resolution behavior in cloud VPS networks.
+    quote   conducted ARP and NDP test scans on IPv4 and IPv6 networks using arpscan and ndisc6 tools, respectively.
+### "Bitnodes"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   CCS/2014/deanonymisation-of-clients-in-bitcoin-p2p-network
+    title   Deanonymisation of Clients in Bitcoin P2P Network.
+    purpose Collected running Bitcoin server lists.
+    quote   In order to periodically get the list of all running Bitcoin servers we used an open source crawler [4].
+### "BitTorrent crawler"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   IMC/2011/i-know-where-you-are-and-what-you-are-sharing-exploiting-p2p-communications-to-i
+    title   I know where you are and what you are sharing: exploiting P2P communications to invade users' privacy.
+    purpose Collects IP addresses from BitTorrent swarms.
+    quote   The BitTorrent crawler collects the IP addresses participating in the 50,000 most popular swarms
+### "Black Widow"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   We augment this list with two academic scanners: Black Widow and Enemy of the State, resulting in 12 scanners.
+### "Bluesniff"  ->  local-link
+    paper   USENIX/2011/comprehensive-experimental-analyses-of-automotive-attack-surfaces
+    title   Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces
+    purpose Sniffed Bluetooth MAC addresses
+    quote   we can use the open source Bluesniff [23] package and a USRP-based software radio to sniff our car's Bluetooth MAC address
+### "BreadCrumb"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2022/many-roads-lead-to-rome-how-packet-headers-influence-dns-censorship-measurement
+    title   Many Roads Lead To Rome: How Packet Headers Influence DNS Censorship Measurement
+    purpose Generate, capture, and analyze DNS censorship probes
+    quote   Developing BreadCrumb, a measurement methodology and associated tool to quantitatively understand the prevalence of censorship changes due to router load balancing
+### "Btsniffer"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2023/blues-clues-practical-discovery-of-non-discoverable-bluetooth-devices
+    title   Blue's Clues: Practical Discovery of Non-Discoverable Bluetooth Devices.
+    purpose Recover Bluetooth LAP and UAP address fragments.
+    quote   We employ the current state-of-the-art in passive Bluetooth monitoring [6] as a method for recovering addresses from local traffic. This program is open-source [34]
+### "BurpSuite Scanner"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   USENIX/2019/less-is-more-quantifying-the-security-benefits-of-debloating-web-applications
+    title   Less is More: Quantifying the Security Benefits of Debloating Web Applications
+    purpose Scanned headers, URLs, and forms for vulnerabilities.
+    quote   We use BurpSuite Scanner v2.0.14beta [2] based on the URLs extracted by the spider to look for vulnerabilities in headers, URLs and forms.
+### "CAIDA AS Relationships Dataset"  ->  routing
+    paper   USENIX/2021/the-hijackers-guide-to-the-galaxy-off-path-taking-over-internet-resources
+    title   The Hijackers Guide To The Galaxy: Off-Path Taking Over Internet Resources
+    purpose Construct AS-level topology maps.
+    quote   For creating the topological map of the AS-relationship dataset of the customer domains and the providers in our dataset we use CAIDA [3].
+### "Cenzic HailStorm Pro"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Scan test applications for web vulnerabilities.
+    quote   The eight scanners are listed in Table I.
+### "Chaos"  ->  simulation
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2019/on-the-feasibility-of-rerouting-based-ddos-defenses
+    title   On the Feasibility of Rerouting-Based DDoS Defenses.
+    purpose Simulated BGP propagation over inferred AS topology.
+    quote   We use the Chaos simulator [4], an open-source BGP simulator that has been used to evaluate the RAC proposal [51], to simulate the network topology and BGP propagation among ASes in the network.
+### "CheckHost"  ->  vantage-platform
+    paper   NDSS/2023/hope-of-delivery-extracting-user-locations-from-mobile-instant-messengers
+    title   Hope of Delivery: Extracting User Locations From Mobile Instant Messengers
+    purpose Runs ping and traceroute measurements from multiple locations.
+    quote   We continue with a series of systematic Ping and Traceroute experiments from different geographical locations using a public API provided by CheckHost [7].
+### "cloud_enum"  ->  name-enumeration
+    paper   PETS/2022/we-may-share-the-number-of-diaper-changes-a-privacy-and-security-analysis-of-mob
+    title   “We may share the number of diaper changes”: A Privacy and Security Analysis of Mobile Child Care Applications
+    purpose Find publicly accessible cloud storage resources
+    quote   This tool tries to find any publicly accessible cloud storage resources at Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform based on given keywords.
+### "CnCHunter"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2022/malnet-a-binary-centric-network-level-profiling-of-iot-malware
+    title   MalNet: a binary-centric network-level profiling of IoT malware.
+    purpose Activate binaries and identify or probe live C2 servers.
+    quote   Among the various tools, we selected CnCHunter, a powerful open-source tool for analyzing IoT malware binaries.
+### "Commix"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "COVScan"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   USENIX/2025/universal-cross-app-attacks-exploiting-and-securing-oauth-2-0-in-integration-pla
+    title   Universal Cross-app Attacks: Exploiting and Securing OAuth 2.0 in Integration Platforms
+    purpose Detect cross-app OAuth vulnerabilities through modified traffic
+    quote   To facilitate systematic discovery of vulnerabilities, we develop COVScan, a semi-automated black-box testing tool that profiles varied OAuth designs
+### "Critical.IO"  ->  dataset
+    paper   USENIX/2014/when-governments-hack-opponents-a-look-at-actors-and-technology
+    title   When Governments Hack Opponents: A Look at Actors and Technology
+    purpose Searched historical Internet scanning data for FinSpy indicators.
+    quote   Previous work by Guarnieri on scanning for FinSpy servers found that in response to a request such as GET /, the Bahraini FinSpy C&C server returns a response with the string "Hallo Steffi"
+### "ct-sans"  ->  dataset
+    paper   PETS/2025/onion-location-measurements-and-fingerprinting
+    title   Onion-Location Measurements and Fingerprinting
+    purpose Downloaded CT logs and assembled unique SAN datasets.
+    quote   we created a free and open-source tool named ct-sans that assembles a reproducible dataset of Subject Alternative Names (SANs) found via CT.
+### "danglingcname"  ->  dns
+    paper   PETS/2026/dead-domains-living-data-a-privacy-risk-analysis-of-domain-lifecycle-in-android
+    title   Dead Domains, Living Data: A Privacy Risk Analysis of Domain Lifecycle in Android Apps
+    purpose Detect dangling CNAME chains and unclaimed resources
+    quote   We used danglingcname [44] to identify CNAME chains that point to deallocated or unclaimed third-party resources
+### "Diamond Miner"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2020/reduce-reuse-recycle-repurposing-existing-measurements-to-identify-stale-tracero
+    title   Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Repurposing Existing Measurements to Identify Stale Traceroutes.
+    purpose Provide interdomain load-balancing diamonds.
+    quote   The authors of Diamond Miner provided us with 81, 581 interdomain diamonds collected in August 2019.
+### "dMAP (DPI Mapper)"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2025/fingerprinting-deep-packet-inspection-devices-by-their-ambiguities
+    title   Fingerprinting Deep Packet Inspection Devices by their Ambiguities.
+    purpose Generate, send, analyze, and aggregate DPI fingerprinting probes.
+    quote   we design and implement dMAP (DPI Mapper), a framework that systematically discovers, selects, and deploys specialized network probes
+### "DMiner"  ->  dns
+    paper   CCS/2023/silence-is-not-golden-disrupting-the-load-balancing-of-authoritative-dns-servers
+    title   Silence is not Golden: Disrupting the Load Balancing of Authoritative DNS Servers.
+    purpose Measured vulnerable DNS services and load-balancing impact.
+    quote   We designed DMiner, which is a semiautomatic framework that finds affected services, and it further estimates the effect that an adversary can cause.
+### "DNS crawler"  ->  dns
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2011/click-trajectories-end-to-end-analysis-of-the-spam-value-chain
+    title   Click Trajectories: End-to-End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain.
+    purpose Enumerated DNS records and name-server infrastructure.
+    quote   We developed a DNS crawler to identify the name server infrastructure used to support spam-advertised domains, and the address records they specify for hosting those names.
+### "DNS Scanner"  ->  dns
+    paper   WWW/2026/unveiling-the-resilience-of-llm-enhanced-search-engines-against-black-hat-seo-ma
+    title   Unveiling the Resilience of LLM-Enhanced Search Engines against Black-Hat SEO Manipulation.
+    purpose Detected wildcard-DNS link farms.
+    quote   Link Farm (SSP) [6, 11, 27, 64] Hot-words DNS Scanner [11] 200
+### "DNS X-Ray Tool"  ->  dns
+    paper   NDSS/2019/dns-cache-based-user-tracking
+    title   dns-cache-based-user-tracking
+    purpose Implemented and customized the authoritative DNS server
+    quote   written in Perl, based on the DNS X-Ray Tool [22]. and modified to include the specific tests needed for this research.
+### "DoE-Hunter"  ->  dns
+    paper   PETS/2025/path-to-encrypted-dns-with-ddr-adoption-configuration-patterns-and-privacy-impli
+    title   Path to Encrypted DNS with DDR: Adoption, Configuration Patterns, and Privacy Implications
+    purpose Conducted scalable DDR and encrypted-DNS measurements.
+    quote   the measurement tool DoE-Hunter [63], along with the corresponding research study dataset, has been made available to the public online [64].
+### "DTLS-Fuzzer"  ->  lab-protocol-test
+    paper   NDSS/2023/automata-based-automated-detection-of-state-machine-bugs-in-protocol-implementations
+    title   Automata-Based Automated Detection of State Machine Bugs in Protocol Implementations
+    purpose Learn models and test DTLS implementations.
+    quote   DTLS-Fuzzer [16], the tool we use for learning models of DTLS implementations
+### "DTLS-MitM-Scanner (DMS)"  ->  lab-protocol-test
+    paper   USENIX/2026/analyzing-the-webrtc-ecosystem-and-breaking-authentication-in-dtls-srtp
+    title   Analyzing the WebRTC Ecosystem and Breaking Authentication in DTLS-SRTP
+    purpose Intercept and actively test DTLS-SRTP connections
+    quote   We developed an automated DTLS-SRTP testing platform, called DMS, to probe the DTLS component of any party willing to establish DTLS-SRTP/WebRTC connections.
+### "EAST"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2021/why-tls-is-better-without-starttls-a-security-analysis-of-starttls-in-the-email
+    title   Why TLS is better without STARTTLS: A Security Analysis of STARTTLS in the Email Context
+    purpose Generated and executed semi-automatic STARTTLS test cases.
+    quote   We introduce EAST, a semi-automatic toolkit for analyzing SMTP, POP3, and IMAP implementations, including a server for client testing, server testing scripts, and ZMap modules for Internet scanning.
+### "Enemy of the State"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   We augment this list with two academic scanners: Black Widow and Enemy of the State, resulting in 12 scanners.
+### "ERIS"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2025/poster-eris-evaluating-rov-via-icmpv6-rate-limiting-side-channels
+    title   Poster: ERIS: Evaluating ROV via ICMPv6 Rate Limiting Side Channels.
+    purpose Probe IPv6 reachability and infer ROV deployment
+    quote   We implemented a prototype framework (about 4.5K lines of code) and conducted a preliminary experiment that covers 5,440 ASes.
+### "exitmap"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2016/identifying-and-characterizing-sybils-in-the-tor-network
+    title   Identifying and Characterizing Sybils in the Tor Network
+    purpose Scan Tor exit relays for traffic tampering
+    quote   We exposed malicious exit relays using Winter et al.'s exitmap tool [37, § 3.1]. Exitmap is a Python-based scanning framework for Tor exit relays.
+### "Exitmap"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   WWW/2018/crimebb-enabling-cybercrime-research-on-underground-forums-at-scale
+    title   CrimeBB: Enabling Cybercrime Research on Underground Forums at Scale.
+    purpose Identified currently available Tor exit nodes.
+    quote   We first use Exitmap [45] to get current available exit nodes, from which we build Tor circuits
+### "FastMDA"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2025/remaproute-local-remapping-of-internet-path-changes
+    title   RemapRoute: Local Remapping of Internet Path Changes.
+    purpose Perform complete-remapping comparison measurements.
+    quote   We execute both FastMDA and Scamper [29], popular traceroute tools, to perform complete remapping in order to compare across different implementations.
+### "FingerprinTLS"  ->  passive
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Collected passive TLS fingerprints
+    quote   We incorporate the FingerprinTLS library in our system to passively collect TLS fingerprints.
+### "FlashRoute"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2020/flashroute-efficient-traceroute-on-a-massive-scale
+    title   FlashRoute: Efficient Traceroute on a Massive Scale.
+    purpose Conduct high-speed Internet-scale traceroute scans.
+    quote   FlashRoute is written in C++ using 2.4k lines of code. It is compatible with a variety of Unix-based operating systems.
+### "forwarders-based scanner"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2022/deployment-of-source-address-validation-by-network-operators-a-randomized-contro
+    title   Deployment of Source Address Validation by Network Operators: A Randomized Control Trial.
+    purpose Detect SAV failures via misbehaving DNS forwarders
+    quote   We performed Internet-wide forwarders-based scans of IPv4 space weekly between September 2020 and February 2021
+### "gateway checker"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2024/guardians-of-the-galaxy-content-moderation-in-the-interplanetary-file-system
+    title   Guardians of the Galaxy: Content Moderation in the InterPlanetary File System
+    purpose Probed gateway accessibility for denylisted CIDs.
+    quote   We then implement a gateway checker that verifies the accessibility of all the denylist CIDs from every gateway on the gateway list.
+### "Google Tsunami"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "gQUIC-module"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   PETS/2019/a-quic-look-at-web-tracking
+    title   A QUIC Look at Web Tracking
+    purpose Sent QUIC client hello probes during the Internet scan.
+    quote   Thus, we used the tool Zmap [8] with the gQUIC-module [29] to send a client hello message to UDP port 443 of each Alexa-listed host.
+### "h2spec"  ->  lab-protocol-test
+    paper   CCS/2024/poster-kill-krill-or-proxy-rpki
+    title   Poster: Kill Krill or Proxy RPKI.
+    purpose Testing HTTP/2 continuation-frame flooding
+    quote   We used the open-source tool h2spec to test Krill and Routinator and verify the presence of this vulnerability.
+### "HP WebInspect"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Scan test applications for web vulnerabilities.
+    quote   The eight scanners are listed in Table I.
+### "HTTP/OneProbe"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2010/measurement-of-loss-pairs-in-network-paths
+    title   Measurement of loss pairs in network paths.
+    purpose Probe Internet paths and identify loss-pair events.
+    quote   We conducted loss-pair measurement using HTTP/OneProbe (an OneProbe implementation based on HTTP/1.1 [19]) for 88 round-trip paths
+### "IBM Rational AppScan"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Scan test applications for web vulnerabilities.
+    quote   The eight scanners are listed in Table I.
+### "ibportstate"  ->  local-link
+    paper   CCS/2022/nevermore-exploiting-rdma-mistakes-in-nvme-of-storage-applications
+    title   NeVerMore: Exploiting RDMA Mistakes in NVMe-oF Storage Applications.
+    purpose Change an InfiniBand port local identifier
+    quote   we found out that the ibportstate tool from the infinibanddiags package allows privileged users to change the configuration of the RNIC
+### "ICMP Paris"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2011/on-the-prevalence-and-characteristics-of-mpls-deployments-in-the-open-internet
+    title   On the prevalence and characteristics of MPLS deployments in the open internet.
+    purpose Specified the traceroute probe method.
+    quote   The probing tool used in Ark is Scamper [26], and the specific traceroute method used is ICMP Paris [28].
+### "ICMP_Sonar"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2024/rumors-stop-with-the-wise-unveiling-inbound-sav-deployment-through-spoofed-icmp
+    title   Rumors Stop with the Wise: Unveiling Inbound SAV Deployment through Spoofed ICMP Messages.
+    purpose Probe hosts using spoofed ICMP messages
+    quote   This study introduces two novel approaches implemented in ICMP_Sonar, a tool using meticulously crafted spoofed ICMP messages to detect the presence and efficacy of ISAV.
+### "iffinder"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2018/pushing-the-boundaries-with-bdrmapit-mapping-router-ownership-at-internet-scale
+    title   Pushing the Boundaries with bdrmapIT: Mapping Router Ownership at Internet Scale.
+    purpose Provide IP alias-resolution data for inferred routers.
+    quote   All the traceroutes used ICMP Paris traceroute [15,39], which controls the IP and transport headers to reduce load balancing, and a combination of iffinder [21] and MIDAR [22] for alias resolution.
+    paper   IMC/2025/replication-characterizing-mpls-tunnels-over-internet-paths
+    title   Replication: Characterizing MPLS Tunnels over Internet Paths.
+    purpose Resolving aliases in the ITDK topology graph
+    quote   we mapped each IP address to an inferred router using the MIDAR, iffinder, and SNMPv3 alias resolution graph included in the March 2025 ITDK
+### "iGreedy"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2020/manycast2-using-anycast-to-measure-anycast
+    title   MAnycast2: Using Anycast to Measure Anycast.
+    purpose Compared MAnycast2 classifications using latency-based measurements.
+    quote   To compare our results with those obtained by iGreedy (Table 3), we ran iGreedy against a set of target addresses.
+### "ike-scan"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2023/back-to-school-on-the-in-security-of-academic-vpns
+    title   Back to School: On the (In)Security of Academic VPNs
+    purpose Probe IKE back-ends for aggressive mode.
+    quote   we probed the IKE back-ends discovered in Section 3.2 using the open source tool ike-scan
+### "Internet Census"  ->  dataset
+    paper   USENIX/2014/when-governments-hack-opponents-a-look-at-actors-and-technology
+    title   When Governments Hack Opponents: A Look at Actors and Technology
+    purpose Searched Internet-wide service-probe and certificate-scan data.
+    quote   We searched sources including Shodan, Internet Census service probes, and Critical.IO scanning data for the observed distinctive HTTP behavior.
+### "iperf"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2010/cloudcmp-comparing-public-cloud-providers
+    title   CloudCmp: comparing public cloud providers.
+    purpose Measure network throughput
+    quote   We use standard tools such as iperf [8] and ping to measure the network throughput and path latency of a provider.
+### "iPerf3"  ->  perf
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2024/dnsbomb-a-new-practical-and-powerful-pulsing-dos-attack-exploiting-dns-queries-a
+    title   DNSBomb: A New Practical-and-Powerful Pulsing DoS Attack Exploiting DNS Queries-and-Responses.
+    purpose Measure maximum achievable network bandwidth.
+    quote   To test network bandwidth occupation, we employ the iPerf3 tool [45] that is designed for active measurements of the maximum achievable bandwidth.
+### "IPFS Crawler"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   IMC/2023/the-cloud-strikes-back-investigating-the-decentralization-of-ipfs
+    title   The Cloud Strikes Back: Investigating the Decentralization of IPFS.
+    purpose Enumerated outgoing DHT connections and network topology.
+    quote   Using the DHT crawler presented in [32, 79], we can enumerate all outgoing DHT connections of functional DHT server nodes.
+### "IRBlock"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2025/irblock-a-large-scale-measurement-study-of-the-great-firewall-of-iran
+    title   IRBlock: A Large-Scale Measurement Study of the Great Firewall of Iran
+    purpose Scan Iranian IPs and domains for censorship
+    quote   we developed IRBlock, a large-scale, multi-protocol measurement system designed to detect DNS poisoning, HTTP blockpage injection, and UDP-based filtering in Iran.
+### "IRLscanner"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2010/demystifying-service-discovery-implementing-an-internet-wide-scanner
+    title   Demystifying service discovery: implementing an internet-wide scanner.
+    purpose Conduct Internet-wide service-discovery scans
+    quote   Using IRLscanner and 24-hour scans, we perform 21 Internet-wide experiments using 6 different protocols
+### "IRTT"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2025/from-geo-to-leo-first-look-into-starlink-in-flight-connectivity
+    title   From GEO to LEO: First Look Into Starlink In-Flight Connectivity.
+    purpose Performed 10 ms-granularity UDP latency measurements.
+    quote   This allows MEs to conduct high-frequency (10 ms granularity) UDP ping measurements via IRTT [19] to the closest AWS server
+### "Iterative Network Tracing (INT)"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2018/where-the-light-gets-in-analyzing-web-censorship-mechanisms-in-india
+    title   Where The Light Gets In: Analyzing Web Censorship Mechanisms in India.
+    purpose Located censorship middleboxes along router-level paths.
+    quote   We devised a technique which we collectively call Iterative Network Tracing (INT), that works on the principle used by traceroute.
+### "James"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2022/measuring-ipv6-extension-headers-survivability-with-james
+    title   Measuring IPv6 extension headers survivability with James.
+    purpose Probe IPv6 extension-header survivability across Internet paths.
+    quote   This extended abstract introduces James, a new tool for measuring how IPv6 Extension Headers (IPv6 EHs) are processed in the network.
+### "kapar"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2018/pushing-the-boundaries-with-bdrmapit-mapping-router-ownership-at-internet-scale
+    title   Pushing the Boundaries with bdrmapIT: Mapping Router Ownership at Internet Scale.
+    purpose Compare alternative alias-resolution groupings.
+    quote   Specifically, we use kapar [20] along with midar and iffinder, while the results presented in §7.2 use only the midar and iffinder techniques
+### "Karma"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2025/am-i-infected-lessons-from-operating-a-large-scale-iot-security-diagnostic-servi
+    title   Am I Infected? Lessons from Operating a Large-Scale IoT Security Diagnostic Service
+    purpose Scanning IoT IP addresses for vulnerabilities and device models.
+    quote   Our service utilizes the IoT scan engine Karma [9], developed by 00One, Inc. The Karma's scan engine was deployed on our university's network.
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2024/who-left-the-door-open-investigating-the-causes-of-exposed-iot-devices-in-an-aca
+    title   Who Left the Door Open? Investigating the Causes of Exposed IoT Devices in an Academic Network.
+    purpose Identify hosts exposing Telnet, FTP, and IoT risks.
+    quote   We used a service named Karma [10] to identify hosts running Telnet (23/TCP) and/or FTP (21/TCP).
+### "l2ping"  ->  local-link
+    paper   CCS/2024/blueswat-a-lightweight-state-aware-security-framework-for-bluetooth-low-energy
+    title   BlueSWAT: A Lightweight State-Aware Security Framework for Bluetooth Low Energy.
+    purpose Sent random L2CAP packets for RTT evaluation.
+    quote   We further use l2ping [58] on Linux to perform end-to-end evaluation on BlueSWAT.
+### "LACeS"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2025/laces-an-open-fast-responsible-and-efficient-longitudinal-anycast-census-system
+    title   LACeS: An Open, Fast, Responsible and Efficient Longitudinal Anycast Census System.
+    purpose Run distributed anycast and latency-based Internet censuses.
+    quote   We built LACeS, a new system that combines the MAnycast2 anycast measurement approach ... and the Great Circle Distance (GCD) approach
+### "LanDscAPe"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2024/landscape-exploring-ldap-weaknesses-and-data-leaks-at-internet-scale
+    title   LanDscAPe: Exploring LDAP Weaknesses and Data Leaks at Internet Scale
+    purpose Scan, sample, and analyze Internet-facing LDAP servers.
+    quote   For our study, we built a custom tool, LanDscAPe, that identifies public LDAP servers on the Internet, assesses their configuration, including TLS setup, and samples the hosted directories.
+### "LFP"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2023/illuminating-router-vendor-diversity-within-providers-and-along-network-paths
+    title   Illuminating Router Vendor Diversity Within Providers and Along Network Paths.
+    purpose Fingerprint router vendors using lightweight active probes.
+    quote   Lightweight FingerPrinting (LFP), a novel lightweight, accurate, and more complete remote vendor fingerprinting methodology and tool
+### "LTE PROBE"  ->  local-link
+    paper   USENIX/2022/ltrack-stealthy-tracking-of-mobile-phones-in-lte
+    title   LTrack: Stealthy Tracking of Mobile Phones in LTE
+    purpose Passively sniff uplink and downlink LTE traffic
+    quote   We implement the first white-box uplink and downlink LTE sniffer, called LTE PROBE.
+### "Lumscan"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2018/403-forbidden-a-global-view-of-cdn-geoblocking
+    title   403 Forbidden: A Global View of CDN Geoblocking.
+    purpose Probe websites through residential proxy exits.
+    quote   We implemented a new probing tool, Lumscan, that greatly improves the reliability of the data.
+### "MacStealer"  ->  local-link
+    paper   NDSS/2024/exploiting-sequence-number-leakage-tcp-hijacking-in-nat-enabled-wi-fi-networks
+    title   Exploiting Sequence Number Leakage: TCP Hijacking in NAT-Enabled Wi-Fi Networks
+    purpose Tested Wi-Fi client isolation.
+    quote   the attacker detects whether AP isolation is enabled via network scanning tools (e.g., Nmap [36], MacStealer [32]).
+### "MAnycast anycast census"  ->  topology
+    paper   NDSS/2026/on-borrowed-time-measurement-informed-understanding-of-the-ntp-pools-robustness-to-monopoly-attacks
+    title   On Borrowed Time: Measurement-Informed Understanding of the NTP Pool’s Robustness to Monopoly Attacks
+    purpose Identify registered IP anycast servers.
+    quote   the remaining six servers are all IP anycast, as determined by looking up their addresses in the MAnycast anycast census [40].
+### "MAnycast2"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2024/of-choices-and-control-a-comparative-analysis-of-government-hosting
+    title   Of Choices and Control - A Comparative Analysis of Government Hosting.
+    purpose Identified anycast server addresses.
+    quote   To determine if a server address is anycast, we rely on a recent data snapshot from MAnycast2
+### "Mao et al. AS-path inference algorithm"  ->  routing
+    paper   PETS/2018/tempest-temporal-dynamics-in-anonymity-systems
+    title   Tempest: Temporal Dynamics in Anonymity Systems
+    purpose Inferred shortest valley-free AS paths.
+    quote   We infer AS paths using the algorithm proposed by Mao et al. [43], which searches for shortest valley-free paths
+### "MAP-IT"  ->  routing
+    paper   IMC/2020/reduce-reuse-recycle-repurposing-existing-measurements-to-identify-stale-tracero
+    title   Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: Repurposing Existing Measurements to Identify Stale Traceroutes.
+    purpose Infer AS interconnections when bdrmapIT cannot apply.
+    quote   Otherwise we use MAP-IT [52].
+### "MarcoPolo"  ->  routing
+    paper   IMC/2025/a-framework-to-evaluate-mpic-security-using-real-world-bgp-announcements
+    title   A Framework to Evaluate MPIC Security using Real-World BGP Announcements.
+    purpose Launch BGP hijacks and collect MPIC perspective outcomes.
+    quote   We design and deploy a system that evaluates the effectiveness of MPIC in the real world using ethically-launched real-world BGP attacks.
+### "McAfee SECURE"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Remotely scan test applications for vulnerabilities.
+    quote   We ran two of the tested scanners, McAfee and Qualys, as remote services whereby the user configures the scanner via a web-interface.
+### "Mercator"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2016/bdrmap-inference-of-borders-between-ip-networks
+    title   bdrmap: Inference of Borders Between IP Networks.
+    purpose Resolved aliases from ICMP port-unreachable responses.
+    quote   Mercator [15] infers two IP addresses are aliases if the source address of ICMP port unreachable responses is the same.
+    paper   IMC/2019/learning-regexes-to-extract-router-names-from-hostnames
+    title   Learning Regexes to Extract Router Names from Hostnames.
+    purpose Provided aliases and performed follow-up probing.
+    quote   For the interfaces in the good class that were responsive to alias resolution at the time of our probing in May 2019, we used Ally [27] with ICMP, UDP, and TCP probes, and Mercator [8].
+### "Mint"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2025/is-nobody-there-good-globally-measuring-connection-tampering-without-responsive
+    title   Is Nobody There? Good! Globally Measuring Connection Tampering Without Responsive Endhosts.
+    purpose Automated packet-sequence interference measurement
+    quote   We present a system, Mint (Measuring Interference with Nonresponsive Targets), that generalizes this approach to the global IPv4 and IPv6 Internet.
+### "modified ntpdedup"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   NDSS/2026/on-borrowed-time-measurement-informed-understanding-of-the-ntp-pools-robustness-to-monopoly-attacks
+    title   On Borrowed Time: Measurement-Informed Understanding of the NTP Pool’s Robustness to Monopoly Attacks
+    purpose Fingerprint NTP responses and identify aliased servers.
+    quote   we implement active server fingerprinting starting with the open-source "ntpdedup" code. (We forked this codebase...)
+### "Monocle"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2024/understanding-routing-induced-censorship-changes-globally
+    title   Understanding Routing-Induced Censorship Changes Globally.
+    purpose Route-stable censorship measurements and application-level traceroutes
+    quote   We develop Monocle (Figure 1) to explore 3 commonly censored protocols: DNS, HTTP, and HTTPS.
+### "mrinfo"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2010/on-the-impact-of-layer-2-on-node-degree-distribution
+    title   On the impact of layer-2 on node degree distribution.
+    purpose Discover multicast-enabled router interfaces and neighbors.
+    quote   mrinfo is a tool that silently discovers all multicast enabled links belonging to an IPv4 router.
+    paper   IMC/2010/resolving-ip-aliases-with-prespecified-timestamps
+    title   Resolving IP aliases with prespecified timestamps.
+    purpose Generated known-alias ground truth.
+    quote   we use a dataset of known aliases generated by mrinfo measurements on December 30th, 2009
+### "mrinfo-rec"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2010/on-the-impact-of-layer-2-on-node-degree-distribution
+    title   On the impact of layer-2 on node degree distribution.
+    purpose Recursively probe discovered router addresses each day.
+    quote   Our approach in probing the network with mrinfo is recursive and we call such a probing scheme mrinfo-rec.
+### "N-Stalker QA Edition"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Scan test applications for web vulnerabilities.
+    quote   The eight scanners are listed in Table I.
+### "Namehelp"  ->  vantage-platform
+    paper   IMC/2015/in-and-out-of-cuba-characterizing-cubas-connectivity
+    title   In and Out of Cuba: Characterizing Cuba's Connectivity.
+    purpose Run hourly traceroutes from globally distributed endhosts.
+    quote   For this dataset, Namehelp clients ran hourly traceroute measurements to prefixes located in Cuba.
+### "nc"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2019/security-certification-in-payment-card-industry-testbeds-measurements-and-recomm
+    title   Security Certification in Payment Card Industry: Testbeds, Measurements, and Recommendations.
+    purpose Probed database and SSH ports.
+    quote   We use basic Linux tools (e.g., nc, openssl) and Java net URL APIs to implement the system.
+### "ndisc6"  ->  local-link
+    paper   CCS/2025/exploring-and-analyzing-cross-layer-dos-attack-against-udp-based-services-on-lin
+    title   Exploring and Analyzing Cross Layer DoS Attack Against UDP-based Services on Linux.
+    purpose Probe IPv6 neighbor-discovery behavior in cloud VPS networks.
+    quote   conducted ARP and NDP test scans on IPv4 and IPv6 networks using arpscan and ndisc6 tools, respectively.
+### "Netcat"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2025/beyond-exploit-scanning-a-functional-change-driven-approach-to-remote-software-v
+    title   Beyond Exploit Scanning: A Functional Change-Driven Approach to Remote Software Version Identification
+    purpose Checked active servers and open ports.
+    quote   Then we used the Netcat [28] to scan open ports and filter out inaccessible or offline servers.
+### "NetfilterQueue"  ->  packet-crafting
+    paper   CCS/2019/geneva-evolving-censorship-evasion-strategies
+    title   Geneva: Evolving Censorship Evasion Strategies.
+    purpose Interpose on and alter client packets.
+    quote   Geneva runs strictly at the client, and uses NetfilterQueue [30] to interpose on (and possibly alter) all of the client's outbound and inbound packets.
+### "netperf"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2017/tcp-congestion-signatures
+    title   TCP congestion signatures.
+    purpose Run controlled and baseline throughput tests.
+    quote   We use netperf to run 10-second downstream throughput tests from Server 1 to Pi 1.
+### "netstat"  ->  host-tool
+    paper   CCS/2021/android-on-pc-on-the-security-of-end-user-android-emulators
+    title   Android on PC: On the Security of End-user Android Emulators.
+    purpose Monitored Android network usage and channels.
+    quote   We associated the channels (TCP/UDP and virtual devices) with the emulator components through dynamically monitoring the network and resource usage (e.g., through "netstat", "lsof", "dumpsys" commands on Android).
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2025/housefuzz-service-aware-grey-box-fuzzing-for-vulnerability-detection-in-linux-ba
+    title   HouseFuzz: Service-Aware Grey-Box Fuzzing for Vulnerability Detection in Linux-Based Firmware.
+    purpose Identified network-facing processes for FirmAE comparison.
+    quote   To compare with FirmAE, we ran the netstat [39] tool to identify network-facing processes during emulation.
+### "Netstat"  ->  host-tool
+    paper   PETS/2025/privacy-settings-of-third-party-libraries-in-android-apps-a-study-of-facebook-sd
+    title   Privacy Settings of Third-Party Libraries in Android Apps: A Study of Facebook SDKs
+    purpose Identify open device ports during traffic monitoring.
+    quote   We use Netstat to identify open ports on the mobile device, ensuring that connections are exclusively made by the app under analysis.
+### "Network Analyzer"  ->  topology
+    paper   USENIX/2025/esimplicity-or-esimplification-privacy-and-security-risks-in-the-esim-ecosystem
+    title   eSIMplicity or eSIMplification? Privacy and Security Risks in the eSIM Ecosystem
+    purpose Ran traceroute measurements on iOS devices.
+    quote   In the case of iOS, we use the applications Net Analyzer and Ping Traceroute.
+### "NextTrace"  ->  topology
+    paper   CCS/2025/time-tells-all-deanonymization-of-blockchain-rpc-users-with-zero-transaction-fee
+    title   Time Tells All: Deanonymization of Blockchain RPC Users with Zero Transaction Fee.
+    purpose Identify realistic geographic routing paths for relay placement.
+    quote   We artificially deploy software routers on cloud servers at various geographic locations along real-world routes identified using traceroute-like tools (e.g., NextTrace).
+### "node probing program"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   NDSS/2025/eclipse-attacks-on-moneros-peer-to-peer-network
+    title   Eclipse Attacks on Monero’s Peer-to-Peer Network
+    purpose Identified Monero mainnet nodes with open RPC ports.
+    quote   We utilized a node probing program to identify Monero mainnet nodes with open RPC ports.
+### "NodeFinder"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   IMC/2018/measuring-ethereum-network-peers
+    title   Measuring Ethereum Network Peers.
+    purpose Discover, monitor, and characterize Ethereum DEVp2p nodes.
+    quote   We then built NodeFinder, an open-source and ethical measurement tool for characterizing the three protocols that constitute Ethereum's P2P network
+### "NR-Scope"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IMC/2025/automated-cross-layer-root-cause-analysis-of-5g-video-conferencing-quality-degra
+    title   Automated, Cross-Layer Root Cause Analysis of 5G Video-Conferencing Quality Degradation.
+    purpose Collected sub-millisecond 5G PHY/MAC telemetry and retransmissions.
+    quote   We use NR-Scope [33] to gather measurements from the 5G PHY/MAC layers in sub-millisecond resolution, including traffic-scheduling information and retransmission events.
+### "ns-3"  ->  simulation
+    paper   IMC/2023/localizing-traffic-differentiation
+    title   Localizing Traffic Differentiation.
+    purpose Simulate rate-limiter and network scenarios.
+    quote   We use our prototype to answer the former and ns-3 simulation [32] for the latter.
+### "Nuclei"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   USENIX/2025/trust-but-verify-an-assessment-of-vulnerability-tagging-services
+    title   Trust but Verify: An Assessment of Vulnerability Tagging Services
+    purpose Independently probed endpoints using CVE templates.
+    quote   We use the Nuclei toolchain [31] to conduct payload-based detections.
+### "nuttcp"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2023/performance-of-cellular-networks-on-the-wheels
+    title   Performance of Cellular Networks on the Wheels.
+    purpose Generated single-connection TCP throughput traffic.
+    quote   To measure throughput, we used nuttcp [10] with the default TCP congestion control algorithm, CUBIC, to generate downlink and uplink backlogged traffic
+### "OneProbe"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2010/measurement-of-loss-pairs-in-network-paths
+    title   Measurement of loss pairs in network paths.
+    purpose Send TCP probe pairs and infer delivery statuses.
+    quote   OneProbe sends a sequence of probe pairs, each consisting of two TCP data packets, to a remote server.
+### "onesixtyone"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2025/forward-to-hell-on-the-potentials-of-misusing-transparent-dns-forwarders-in-refl
+    title   Forward to Hell? On the Potentials of Misusing Transparent DNS Forwarders in Reflective Amplification Attacks.
+    purpose Retrieve device information through SNMP scanning.
+    quote   We use ZGrab [6] and a fast SNMP scanner [31] to retrieve systems information about these transparent forwarders.
+### "onion-grab"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   PETS/2025/onion-location-measurements-and-fingerprinting
+    title   Onion-Location Measurements and Fingerprinting
+    purpose Scanned HTTPS domains for Onion-Location configuration.
+    quote   We created a free and open-source tool named onion-grab to determine which HTTPS sites configure O-L.
+### "OSAVRoute"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   NDSS/2026/osavroute-advancing-outbound-source-address-validation-deployment-detection-with-non-cooperative-measurement
+    title   OSAVRoute: Advancing Outbound Source Address Validation Deployment Detection with Non-Cooperative Measurement
+    purpose Discover transparent forwarders and measure OSAV deployment characteristics.
+    quote   We present OSAVRoute, the first non-cooperative measurement system capable of capturing fine-grained characteristics of OSAV deployment.
+### "PciCheckerLite"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   CCS/2019/security-certification-in-payment-card-industry-testbeds-measurements-and-recomm
+    title   Security Certification in Payment Card Industry: Testbeds, Measurements, and Recommendations.
+    purpose Performed low-interaction PCI vulnerability scans.
+    quote   Using PciCheckerLite, we evaluated 1,203 e-commerce website across various business categories.
+### "Perf"  ->  host-tool
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2019/sok-the-challenges-pitfalls-and-perils-of-using-hardware-performance-counters-fo
+    title   SoK: The Challenges, Pitfalls, and Perils of Using Hardware Performance Counters for Security.
+    purpose Obtain hardware performance-counter measurements.
+    quote   We used the Perf tool v4.4.90 to obtain performance counter measurements.
+### "PLCScan"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   CCS/2020/honeyplc-a-next-generation-honeypot-for-industrial-control-systems
+    title   HoneyPLC: A Next-Generation Honeypot for Industrial Control Systems.
+    purpose Scanned simulated PLCs for device information.
+    quote   Next, we used PLCScan to scan each PLC Profile in similar fashion as the Nmap methodology.
+### "Prefixscan"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2016/bdrmap-inference-of-borders-between-ip-networks
+    title   bdrmap: Inference of Borders Between IP Networks.
+    purpose Confirmed inbound interfaces and point-to-point links.
+    quote   We use the prefixscan algorithm [26] to try to confirm that we observe the inbound interface of a router in traceroute, rather than a third-party address.
+### "Python script"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2019/a-look-at-the-ecs-behavior-of-dns-resolvers
+    title   A Look at the ECS Behavior of DNS Resolvers.
+    purpose Scan IPv4 space with DNS queries
+    quote   The scan was conducted from a machine on our campus network using a Python script that issued 25K DNS queries per second
+### "QScanner"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2022/towards-a-tectonic-traffic-shift-investigating-apples-new-relay-network
+    title   Towards a tectonic traffic shift?: investigating Apple's new relay network.
+    purpose Test standard QUIC handshakes
+    quote   testing standard QUIC handshakes using the QScanner published by Zirngibl et al. [39] or a current curl version does not even trigger a response by ingress nodes
+    paper   IMC/2024/reacked-quicer-measuring-the-performance-of-instant-acknowledgments-in-quic-hand
+    title   ReACKed QUICer: Measuring the Performance of Instant Acknowledgments in QUIC Handshakes.
+    purpose Performed QUIC handshakes and HTTP/3 HEAD requests.
+    quote   We perform QUIC handshakes and HTTP/3 HEAD requests using QScanner [30].
+### "QualysGuard PCI"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Remotely scan test applications for vulnerabilities.
+    quote   We ran two of the tested scanners, McAfee and Qualys, as remote services whereby the user configures the scanner via a web-interface.
+### "quicgrabber"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   PETS/2019/a-quic-look-at-web-tracking
+    title   A QUIC Look at Web Tracking
+    purpose Established QUIC connections to identified websites.
+    quote   To analyze the default configuration of the identified 186 QUIC-enabled websites, we used the tool quicgrabber [29] to establish QUIC connections to them.
+### "RAINBOW"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   USENIX/2025/deanonymizing-ethereum-validators-the-p2p-network-has-a-privacy-issue
+    title   Deanonymizing Ethereum Validators: The P2P Network Has a Privacy Issue
+    purpose Logs attestations, subscriptions, peers, and connection data.
+    quote   We call our modified consensus node RAINBOW throughout, as RAINBOW acts as a Prysm, taking peer input and breaking it down into the “colors” of the validators.
+### "Rapid7 NeXpose"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2010/state-of-the-art-automated-black-box-web-application-vulnerability-testing
+    title   State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing.
+    purpose Scan test applications for web vulnerabilities.
+    quote   The eight scanners are listed in Table I.
+### "RAT-Scan"  ->  active-scan   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   USENIX/2018/schrodinger-s-rat-profiling-the-stakeholders-in-the-remote-access-trojan-ecosyst
+    title   Schrödinger’s RAT: Profiling the Stakeholders in the Remote Access Trojan Ecosystem
+    purpose Scanned IPv4 addresses for RAT controllers.
+    quote   we also created RAT-Scan, which is able to differentiate some sinkholes, including our high fidelity RAT-Hole, from actual RAT controllers
+### "RDScan"  ->  dns
+    paper   USENIX/2021/can-i-take-your-subdomain-exploring-same-site-attacks-in-the-modern-web
+    title   Can I Take Your Subdomain? Exploring Same-Site Attacks in the Modern Web
+    purpose Detected dangling DNS records and takeover preconditions.
+    quote   This component, that we call RDScan, has three different modules that test for the presence of the vulnerable scenarios described in §3.2.1.
+### "revtr 2.0"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2022/internet-scale-reverse-traceroute
+    title   Internet scale reverse traceroute.
+    purpose Measure reverse Internet paths at scale.
+    quote   In this paper we design, implement and evaluate revtr 2.0, an Internet-scale Reverse Traceroute system
+### "RMap"  ->  dns
+    paper   IMC/2025/poster-rmap-uncovering-risky-dns-resolution-chains-and-misconfigurations
+    title   Poster:  RMap: Uncovering Risky DNS Resolution Chains and Misconfigurations.
+    purpose Probe DNS resolution chains and identify configuration risks.
+    quote   We present RMap, a tool that rapidly probes all potential resolution chains of a domain, reveals its resolution dependency topology, and detects security risks.
+### "SAD DNS"  ->  dns
+    paper   USENIX/2023/the-maginot-line-attacking-the-boundary-of-dns-caching-protection
+    title   The Maginot Line: Attacking the Boundary of DNS Caching Protection
+    purpose Scanned ephemeral UDP ports during off-path attacks.
+    quote   We solve this challenge by adjusting SAD DNS to attack BIND.
+### "SadDNS"  ->  dns
+    paper   USENIX/2021/the-hijackers-guide-to-the-galaxy-off-path-taking-over-internet-resources
+    title   The Hijackers Guide To The Galaxy: Off-Path Taking Over Internet Resources
+    purpose Infer resolver source ports through ICMP side channels.
+    quote   We use our own implementation of the SadDNS port scanning application with binary search and attempt to poison the resolver with a malicious record.
+### "Scapy"  ->  packet-crafting
+    paper   USENIX/2018/the-dangers-of-key-reuse-practical-attacks-on-ipsec-ike
+    title   The Dangers of Key Reuse: Practical Attacks on IPsec IKE
+    purpose Construct and control IKE network packets.
+    quote   Our test initiator is based on Scapy [8], a Python library for network packet manipulation.
+    paper   NDSS/2019/nearby-threats-reversing-analyzing-and-attacking-googles-nearby-connections-on-android
+    title   nearby-threats-reversing-analyzing-and-attacking-googles-nearby-connections-on-android
+    purpose Decoded, crafted, and manipulated protocol packets
+    quote   We analyze the packets using scapy [7], a network analysis tool.
+    paper   NDSS/2025/redan-an-empirical-study-on-remote-dos-attacks-against-nat-networks
+    title   ReDAN: An Empirical Study on Remote DoS Attacks against NAT Networks
+    purpose Crafted and transmitted attack and probing packets.
+    quote   an attack machine equipped with Linux 5.19.0 and Scapy, with the capability of IP spoofing
+### "SecSpider"  ->  dataset
+    paper   WWW/2021/security-of-alerting-authorities-in-the-www-measuring-namespaces-dnssec-and-web
+    title   Security of Alerting Authorities in the WWW: Measuring Namespaces, DNSSEC, and Web PKI.
+    purpose Provide historical DNSSEC penetration statistics.
+    quote   our partial historical DNSSEC penetration statistics (collected through SecSpider4 [67])
+### "Shadow"  ->  simulation
+    paper   NDSS/2024/mirageflow-a-new-bandwidth-inflation-attack-on-tor
+    title   MirageFlow: A New Bandwidth Inflation Attack on Tor
+    purpose Simulated Tor circuits using injected consensus files.
+    quote   we simulated Tor with Shadow [15] based on the injected consensus files and server descriptors.
+### "ShaperProbe"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2011/shaperprobe-end-to-end-detection-of-isp-traffic-shaping-using-active-methods
+    title   ShaperProbe: end-to-end detection of ISP traffic shaping using active methods.
+    purpose Detect shaping and estimate capacity, rate, and burst size.
+    quote   We develop an active end-to-end detection mechanism, referred to as ShaperProbe, that can infer whether a particular path is subject to traffic shaping.
+### "Skipfish"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "smbmap"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2025/beyond-the-horizon-uncovering-hosts-and-services-behind-misconfigured-firewalls
+    title   Beyond the Horizon: Uncovering Hosts and Services Behind Misconfigured Firewalls.
+    purpose Enumerated anonymous SMB sessions and unprotected shares.
+    quote   We customize it to add support for specifying source ports and enhance its performance and stability.
+### "SNMPv3"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2025/replication-characterizing-mpls-tunnels-over-internet-paths
+    title   Replication: Characterizing MPLS Tunnels over Internet Paths.
+    purpose Obtaining self-reported router vendors
+    quote   We were able to identify the router vendor for 95,013 of these addresses. We identified vendors for 49,390 routers by the routers disclosing their own manufacturer in the SNMPv3 probe response.
+### "Speedtrap"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2019/learning-regexes-to-extract-router-names-from-hostnames
+    title   Learning Regexes to Extract Router Names from Hostnames.
+    purpose Supplied IPv6 topology datasets for evaluation.
+    quote   Two ITDK datasets (August 2017 and January 2019) contain router-level graphs inferred using Speedtrap [16].
+### "Spoki"  ->  passive
+    paper   USENIX/2022/spoki-unveiling-a-new-wave-of-scanners-through-a-reactive-network-telescope
+    title   Spoki: Unveiling a New Wave of Scanners through a Reactive Network Telescope
+    purpose Reactive telescope probing and scanner-event collection
+    quote   In this work, we examine Internet-wide scan traffic through Spoki, a reactive network telescope operating in real-time that we design and implement.
+### "Spoofer project"  ->  vantage-platform
+    paper   CCS/2019/network-hygiene-incentives-and-regulation-deployment-of-source-address-validatio
+    title   Network Hygiene, Incentives, and Regulation: Deployment of Source Address Validation in the Internet.
+    purpose Conducted automated source-address-validation tests from volunteer networks.
+    quote   The data from the Spoofer project comes from volunteers who run the Spoofer client, which sends and receives a variety of spoofed packets.
+### "SSFNet"  ->  simulation
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2019/on-the-feasibility-of-rerouting-based-ddos-defenses
+    title   On the Feasibility of Rerouting-Based DDoS Defenses.
+    purpose Simulated fine-grained BGP convergence and path hunting.
+    quote   we use SSFNet [13] and add BGP poisoning and hole punching capabilities to it, instead of using the Chaos simulator
+### "Swordqiu"  ->  routing
+    paper   PETS/2016/denasa-destination-naive-as-awareness-in-anonymous-communications
+    title   DeNASA: Destination-Naive AS-Awareness in Anonymous Communications
+    purpose Inferred AS-level paths for simulated Tor streams.
+    quote   After all streams are generated, we use them as input to Swordqiu, the Qiu and Gao AS-level path inference tool.
+### "tcp_probe"  ->  passive
+    paper   IMC/2012/confused-timid-and-unstable-picking-a-video-streaming-rate-is-hard
+    title   Confused, timid, and unstable: picking a video streaming rate is hard.
+    purpose Logged TCP congestion-window values.
+    quote   we instead use our local proxy to serve both the video traffic and the competing flow, and use the tcp_probe kernel module to log the cwnd values.
+    paper   IMC/2017/measurement-based-practical-techniques-to-improve-802-11ac-performance
+    title   Measurement-based, practical techniques to improve 802.11ac performance.
+    purpose Observe the sender TCP congestion window.
+    quote   We use tcp_probe [5] to observe the sender's TCP congestion window cwnd.
+### "ThunderPing"  ->  vantage-platform
+    paper   IMC/2011/pingin-in-the-rain
+    title   Pingin' in the rain.
+    purpose Collected distributed ICMP reachability samples during weather alerts.
+    quote   We developed ThunderPing to test our hypothesis that weather affects the performance of residential Internet connections, measured by connectivity, loss rate, and latency.
+### "Time Series Latency Probing (TSLP)"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2017/tcp-congestion-signatures
+    title   TCP congestion signatures.
+    purpose Identify periodically congested interdomain links.
+    quote   we use the dataset resulting from our deployment of the TSLP [35] tool on the Archipelago (Ark) [19] infrastructure to identify interdomain links
+### "TLS-Attacker"  ->  lab-protocol-test
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2019/postcards-from-the-post-http-world-amplification-of-https-vulnerabilities-in-the
+    title   Postcards from the Post-HTTP World: Amplification of HTTPS Vulnerabilities in the Web Ecosystem.
+    purpose Tested TLS vulnerabilities and padding oracles.
+    quote   The analysis tools include testssl.sh, TLS-Attacker and the nmap plugin for Special DROWN
+### "TMC"  ->  censorship-probe   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   WWW/2023/measuring-and-evading-turkmenistans-internet-censorship-a-case-study-in-large-sc
+    title   Measuring and Evading Turkmenistan's Internet Censorship: A Case Study in Large-Scale Measurements of a Low-Penetration Country.
+    purpose Probe Turkmenistan’s censorship across protocols
+    quote   We present the design and implementation of TMC, a large-scale measurement system capable of testing millions of domains from outside a censoring nation-state
+### "Tor DNSEL"  ->  dataset
+    paper   USENIX/2017/characterizing-the-nature-and-dynamics-of-tor-exit-blocking
+    title   Characterizing the Nature and Dynamics of Tor Exit Blocking
+    purpose Obtain relay IPs used for exiting traffic.
+    quote   Tor DNSEL gathers the IP address used by a relay for exiting traffic based on active testing.
+### "TorFlow"  ->  p2p-crawler
+    paper   USENIX/2019/point-break-a-study-of-bandwidth-denial-of-service-attacks-against-tor
+    title   Point Break: A Study of Bandwidth Denial-of-Service Attacks against Tor
+    purpose Scanned relays and measured bandwidth-authority performance.
+    quote   We ran a TorFlow instance, analyzed its output, and computed the time to measure the fastest slice over 20 scans.
+### "tracebox"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2023/ecn-with-quic-challenges-in-the-wild
+    title   ECN with QUIC: Challenges in the Wild.
+    purpose Traced paths and detected ECN codepoint changes.
+    quote   we use a traceboxbased [27] approach sending QUIC Initial packets with active ECT codepoints and increasing TTLs to trigger ICMP time exceeded messages from the devices on path.
+### "tracefilter"  ->  topology
+    paper   CCS/2019/network-hygiene-incentives-and-regulation-deployment-of-source-address-validatio
+    title   Network Hygiene, Incentives, and Regulation: Deployment of Source Address Validation in the Internet.
+    purpose Inferred the network hop where SAV filtering occurred.
+    quote   These 16,998 tests come from implementing tracefilter [6] on the Spoofer platform and deploying it during the period October 2017 to August 2019.
+### "tracenet"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2010/tracenet-an-internet-topology-data-collector
+    title   TraceNET: an internet topology data collector.
+    purpose Collect subnet-level Internet topology
+    quote   In this study, we have devised a set of heuristics to develop a router level Internet topology collector called tracenet.
+### "Trufflehunter"  ->  dns
+    paper   IMC/2020/trufflehunter-cache-snooping-rare-domains-at-large-public-dns-resolvers
+    title   Trufflehunter: Cache Snooping Rare Domains at Large Public DNS Resolvers.
+    purpose Snoop public DNS caches and estimate cached-domain counts.
+    quote   We present Trufflehunter, a tool to snoop the caches of public DNS resolvers.
+### "Tsunami"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   IMC/2022/no-keys-to-the-kingdom-required-a-comprehensive-investigation-of-missing-authent
+    title   No keys to the kingdom required: a comprehensive investigation of missing authentication vulnerabilities in the wild.
+    purpose Detected missing-authentication vulnerabilities with application plugins.
+    quote   For this, we created and open sourced a generic network security scanner called Tsunami [33].
+### "Ubertooth One"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2023/blues-clues-practical-discovery-of-non-discoverable-bluetooth-devices
+    title   Blue's Clues: Practical Discovery of Non-Discoverable Bluetooth Devices.
+    purpose Page devices and exchange Bluetooth LMP messages.
+    quote   Our chosen Bluetooth transceiver is an Ubertooth One [38], a popular and inexpensive embedded Bluetooth prototyping platform that connects to a host through USB.
+### "University of Michigan Daily Full IPv4 HTTPS Handshakes"  ->  dataset
+    paper   IMC/2015/an-end-to-end-measurement-of-certificate-revocation-in-the-webs-pki
+    title   An End-to-End Measurement of Certificate Revocation in the Web's PKI.
+    purpose Measured server support for OCSP Stapling.
+    quote   we use the IPv4 TLS Handshake scans conducted by the University of Michigan
+### "URHunter"  ->  dns
+    paper   IMC/2023/wolf-in-sheeps-clothing-evaluating-security-risks-of-the-undelegated-record-on-d
+    title   Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Evaluating Security Risks of the Undelegated Record on DNS Hosting Services.
+    purpose Collect and classify undelegated DNS records
+    quote   we designed a framework to collect URs and identify their malicious behaviors
+### "v6disc.sh"  ->  local-link
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2023/man-in-the-middle-attacks-without-rogue-ap-when-wpas-meet-icmp-redirects
+    title   Man-in-the-Middle Attacks without Rogue AP: When WPAs Meet ICMP Redirects.
+    purpose Probe active IPv6 victims
+    quote   In our experiments, we validate that an attacker can identify an active IPv6 victim in the same /64 prefix within 5 seconds by leveraging existing IPv6 scan tools (e.g., v6disc.sh).
+### "Verfploeter"  ->  topology
+    paper   IMC/2017/broad-and-load-aware-anycast-mapping-with-verfploeter
+    title   Broad and load-aware anycast mapping with verfploeter.
+    purpose Probe anycast catchments using ICMP Echo Requests.
+    quote   In Verfploeter, our queries are ICMP Echo Requests (pings), sent using a custom program, soliciting ICMP Echo Replies.
+    paper   IMC/2020/manycast2-using-anycast-to-measure-anycast
+    title   MAnycast2: Using Anycast to Measure Anycast.
+    purpose Sequentially probed targets from each anycast vantage point.
+    quote   For probing we use Verfploeter [12], a global probing system running on the Tangled testbed
+### "Verloc"  ->  topology
+    paper   NDSS/2025/lamp-lightweight-approaches-for-latency-minimization-in-mixnets-with-practical-deployment-considerations
+    title   LAMP: Lightweight Approaches for Latency Minimization in Mixnets with Practical Deployment Considerations
+    purpose Measure and obtain mixnode latency data.
+    quote   We build the mixnode latency dataset for evaluation using the Verloc [13] measurement framework as deployed on the Nym network.
+### "VerLoc"  ->  topology
+    paper   NDSS/2026/optimix-scalable-and-distributed-approaches-for-latency-optimization-in-modern-mixnets
+    title   OptiMix: Scalable and Distributed Approaches for Latency Optimization in Modern Mixnets
+    purpose Measure peer-to-peer latency between mixnodes.
+    quote   To ensure statistical reliability, each experiment is repeated over at least 400 independent mixnet instantiations
+### "W3af"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "Wapiti"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "WeHeY"  ->  perf
+    paper   IMC/2023/localizing-traffic-differentiation
+    title   Localizing Traffic Differentiation.
+    purpose Localize traffic differentiation within the client ISP.
+    quote   We present WeHeY: a system for localizing traffic differentiation within a client's ISP.
+### "WhatWeb"  ->  grabber   [IN ACTIVE]
+    paper   IMC/2018/characterizing-the-deployment-and-performance-of-multi-cdns
+    title   Characterizing the Deployment and Performance of Multi-CDNs.
+    purpose Fingerprinted CDN instances from IP addresses and domain names.
+    quote   we use the WhatWeb [8] web scanner to find details about IP addresses.
+### "whois"  ->  registry
+    paper   USENIX/2021/can-i-take-your-subdomain-exploring-same-site-attacks-in-the-modern-web
+    title   Can I Take Your Subdomain? Exploring Same-Site Attacks in the Modern Web
+    purpose Checked whether expired canonical domains were registered.
+    quote   if the whois command on the apex domain does not return any match, RDScan queries GoDaddy to detect if the domain can be purchased.
+### "WiFi Inspector"  ->  local-link
+    paper   USENIX/2019/all-things-considered-an-analysis-of-iot-devices-on-home-networks
+    title   All Things Considered: An Analysis of IoT Devices on Home Networks
+    purpose Scanned home subnets and tested IoT security
+    quote   WiFi Inspector runs locally on the user's personal computer and performs network scans of the local subnet to check for devices that accept weak credentials or have remotely exploitable vulnerabilities.
+### "WMap"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned test web applications
+    quote   Table 1 lists the 12 scanners that we analyze in this study along with their corresponding version information.
+### "WPScan"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   WWW/2023/scan-me-if-you-can-understanding-and-detecting-unwanted-vulnerability-scanning
+    title   Scan Me If You Can: Understanding and Detecting Unwanted Vulnerability Scanning.
+    purpose Scanned WordPress test applications
+    quote   For each tool, we used the latest version available at the time of our analysis.
+### "wrk"  ->  perf
+    paper   IEEE-SP/2023/rulekeeper-gdpr-aware-personal-data-compliance-for-web-frameworks
+    title   RuleKeeper: GDPR-Aware Personal Data Compliance for Web Frameworks.
+    purpose Generated HTTP benchmark traffic
+    quote   We used wrk [51] to simulate traffic by generating HTTP requests for each one of the user tasks for 10 minutes each.
+### "Xray"  ->  vuln-scanner
+    paper   NDSS/2024/reqsminer-automated-discovery-of-cdn-forwarding-request-inconsistencies-and-dos-attacks-with-grammar-based-fuzzing
+    title   ReqsMiner: Automated Discovery of CDN Forwarding Request Inconsistencies and DoS Attacks with Grammar-based Fuzzing
+    purpose Provide HTTP logs from vulnerability scans.
+    quote   We also collected the HTTP logs of the network security scanner Xray during vulnerability scans [10].
+### "YoDNS"  ->  dns
+    paper   IMC/2025/measuring-the-deployment-of-dnssec-bootstrapping-using-authenticated-signals
+    title   Measuring the deployment of DNSSEC Bootstrapping Using Authenticated Signals.
+    purpose Large-scale DNS resolution and DNSSEC record scanning
+    quote   Therefore, we use the YoDNS scanning tool [40] designed for large-scale DNS scans.
+### "ZreFinder"  ->  dns
+    paper   CCS/2020/zombie-awakening-stealthy-hijacking-of-active-domains-through-dns-hosting-referr
+    title   Zombie Awakening: Stealthy Hijacking of Active Domains through DNS Hosting Referral.
+    purpose Discover stale NS records and hijackable domains
+    quote   For this purpose, we designed a semi-automated approach, called ZreFinder, to automatically discover Zrefs.
 </file>
 <bibtex bibliography></bibtex>
+===== Markup sweep, 2026-09-17 =====
+Mechanical rendering repair only: a fresh live raw/XHTML export of 188 pages was checked with ''check_wrap.mjs'' and ''check_typography.mjs''. Affected plugin tags, CLI flags and heading markup were repaired; no figures or substantive prose were changed. The resulting source and rendered DOM were re-checked after saving.